70 ©R.C. Haskell on the recent Eruption of Mauna Loa. 
some by the new lava itself. The stream had built up its own 
banks on each side, and had added to the depth of its channel 
by melting at the bottom. The stream flowed more gracefully 
than water. In consequence of its immense velocity and imper- 
fect mobility, its surface took the same shape as the ground over 
which it flowed. It therefore presented not only hollows but 
ridges. In several places for a few feet the course of the stream 
was an ascent of five to ten degrees, in one instance of twenty- 
five. Where the turns in the stream were abrupt, the outside of 
the stream was much higher than the inside. So much was this 
e case, that the outside sometimes curved over the inside, 
forming a spiral. It is needless to add a8 we were filled with 
wonder and admiration at the sights we sa 
After arriving at the plain between the satlewiasns we had so 
much fog and rain ee = could explore but little. We how 
ever saw othor solid lava forming, ~ ~— “aa” or 
clinkers. ‘‘ Pahoihoi” aa as formed mostly by small side streams 
and always by shallow streams, which flowed freely but slowly. 
They were derived generally from the overflowing of the main 
stream. After flowing for some distance they became cooled at 
the end, and as there was little pressure from behind, gradually 
stopped. — little ridges which give the “pahowhoi” a ropy 
appearance, were caused by the flowing on of the stream for a 
little after *t had cooled forward. These are circular because the 
sides of the stream cool first, while the centre moves on a little 
farther. ‘These streams become solid in a short time, cooling 
through, and not simply coating over. At a subsequent time 
during the same flow, another layer of “‘pahothor” may be form 
upon the first, as we saw in several instances 
The clinkers are always formed by deep streams, and generally 
by wide ones, which flow sluggishly, become dammed up in front 
by the cooling of the lava and in some instances cooled over the 
top, forming as it were a pond or lake. As the stream augments 
beneath, the barriers in front and the crust on the surface are 
broken up, and the pieces are rolled forward and coated over 
with melted lava which cools and adheres to them more or less. 
Then, cing the force of the melted lava behind and underneath, 
the rolls over and over itself. In this way a bank of 
clinkers ae to forty feet high, resembling the embankment of a 
railroad, is formed. Often at the end of the stream no liquid 
lava can be seen, and the pa ieee J motion is the rolling of 
Be ecued rocks of all sizes down the front of the embankment. 
Sometimes the stream breaks through this embankment and 
Saxe on for a time until it gets clogged up again, and then the 
proc mecmpenied. In this latte : ae 
aan often carries as it were on its b Caria 
clinkers, which look Tike hills ae We Ry Res no  ciaket 
oe 
