LINEAMENTS RELATION TO GRANDER EARTH FEATURES 505 



Of interest also in this connection is the paper by Prinz,* which deals 

 with the cardinal orientation of the grand features of the earth and of the 

 other planets in the solar system. Prinz finds that the earth, and so far 

 as their maps permit generalization, the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, 

 and Jupiter, betray grand features arranged in two nearly rectilinear 

 sets running northwest-southeast and northeast-southwest respectively, 

 with an intermediate set directed nearly along the meridians. Follow- 

 ing Schiapparelli, who has furnished the remarkable maps of Mars and 

 Mercury, he attributes these networks to geotectonic forces affecting 

 the planet as a whole, and in the case of the earth he sees evidence of 

 torsion operative between the northern land and the southern sea hemi- 

 spheres along the twin plane of Green in such a manner as to produce 

 systems of joints analogous to those brought out in glass by the experi- 

 ments of Daubree and Tresca. 



In a paper dealing with the symmetry of the northern hemisphere, 

 Professor Suess has said : f 



"It now appears also that the separation of the movements into tangential (fold- 

 ing) and vertical (sinking) motions must be much more sharply held than before. 

 The relation of the Atlantic ocean, which is younger than those chains, to these 

 latter makes this clear." 



It follows, from the conception of the zones of fracture and flowage 

 within the lithosphere, that under the causes which operate to produce 

 crustal shortening, the stresses will be relieved within the outer shell by 

 fracture at the same time that adjustment is secured by folding in the 

 more deeply buried portions. With the progress of degradation the 

 folded portions of the crust, so far as they are uncovered by such a 

 process, will be successively brought within the zone of fracture ; and 

 under the operation of forces of the same type as those which produced 

 their folds will now be deformed by fracture. Such deformation b}^ 

 fracture will be necessarily superinduced on the earlier developed fold 

 structures, and particularly when accompanied by displacement should 

 most profoundly modify the surface architecture, both before and sub- 

 sequent to denudation. In a region in which both folds and normal 

 faults are present, the faults must be the later and hence the more likely 

 to influence the physiographic development. 



Considering the bearing of the above survey, it is interesting to read 

 the summary by Russell J after his correlation study of the Newark 



* W. Prinz : Sur les similitudes que presentent les cartes terrestre et planetaires (Torsion ap- 

 parent des planetes). Ann. de l'observatoire royale de Bruxelles, 58th year, 1891, pp. 304-337. 



f Sitzungsber. d. k. k. Akad. d. Wissenseh. in Wien., vol. cvii, abth. i, 1898. Translation by 

 Emerson in Bull. Geol. Soc. Am., vol. 11, 1900, p. 105. 



*Bull. 85, U. S. Geol. Survey, 1892, p. 98. 



