PICARIZS 
J 
they move with agility in the branches of the trees. They fly well, but noisily. The hearing and 
sight are well developed among these birds, and they are generally prudent, timorous and 
watchful. 
Their food consists of fruits, herbaceous plants, insects, reptiles and other small verte- 
brates; some being really omnivorous. 
The mode of reproduction of the Hornbills is no less uncommon than their aspect, and 
the unique custom of the males of inclosing the female in the hollow of a tree, firmly fastening 
her in by a wall of mud, and keeping her a close prisoner until the eggs are hatched, has no 
parallel in the customs of any other species of birds. The male is thus obliged to bring the food 
to his mate during the brooding-time. 
Range. This family is confined to Africa, to tropical Asia, and to the Indian archipelago 
as far as the Philippine Islands. 
Bibliography. Temminck, Planches coloriées (1820-39); Hemprich & Ehrenberg, Symbol phy- 
sic, ete. (1828); Cuvier, Regne animal (1829); Lesson, Traité d’Ornithologie (1831); Riippell, 
Neue Wirbelthiere zu der Fauna von Abyssinien (1835-40); G. R. Gray, Genera of Birds 
(1844-49); Bonaparte, Conspectus generum avium (1850); Conspectus volucrum anisodacty- 
lorum (1854); Cabanis & Heine, Museum Heineanum (1860); Schlegel, Museum des Pays- 
Bas (Buceros) (1862); von Heuglin, Ornithologie N.-O.-Afrika’s (1871); Elliot, A Monograph 
of the Bucerotide (1882); A. Dubois, Revue critique des Oiseaux de la famille des Bucérotidés 
(Bull. Mus. Hist. Nat. Belg. [1884]); Ogilvie-Grant. Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum, 
Vol. 17(1892); A. Dubois, Synopsis avium (1899-1904); A. Reichenow, Die Végel Afrika’s (1g04) ; 
A. Dubois, Remarque sur l’Ornithologie de |’Etat Indépendant du Congo (Annales du Musée 
du Congo [1905)). 
Two subfamilies can be distinguished : 
+ SUBFAM. A — BUCORACINA= 
Bill long, pointed, compressed and slightly curved; casque hollow, covers about the 
basal third of the culmen, open or closed anteriorly. Throat naked. Tarsus very long. 
The Bucoracinae consist of a single genus. 
SUBFAM. B. — BUCEROTINAE= 
Bill very large, compressed and slightly curved; casque more or less large, rudimentary 
or wanting, always closed anteriorly. Tarsus short, shorter or about equal to the middle toe 
and claw; toes short. 
The Bucerotinae are divided into sixteen genera, 
A. BUCORACIN 4= 
GENUS BUCORVUS LEsSsoN 
Bucorvus Lesson, Traité d’Ornith. p- 259 (1831) (type : B. abyssinicus), 
Synonyms : Tvagopan Gray, List Gen. of Birds, p. 65 ( 1841) (type: B. abyssinicus); Tmetoceros Cabanis, 
