12 Professor Seeley. — Some Scientific [Sept. 16, 



there is exactly the same bone, and you call it, as I have said, the 

 quadra! bone, and when you come to these fossils of South Africa, 

 the theriodonts which lie immediately beneath your coal, you can see no 

 quadrate bone at all, because the squamosal bone, with which it 

 articulates, grows down, hides it, and obliterates it. Now if you will 

 examine the mode of articulation in the mammal you will find there is 

 nothing whatever between the lower jaw and the squamosal bone, and 

 it is precisely the same in the fossil animals, though of totally different 

 structure of skull and mode of union of the loAver jaw with the skull, 

 two distinct types of the mammal kingdom being here represented. 

 The one, the theriodont, has teeth like the dog, and the other, which 

 has two long teeth, we term the anomodontia, and these two orders of 

 •animals are the orders which furnish the bulk of the fossil life which 

 found spread over the Karoo rocks. 



Now I have spoken thus far upon the bones, and a few 

 of the problems connected with them, but there are yet higher 

 beds of rocks that I have not had the opportunity of examining I 

 those which contain reptiles, extending far into the northern 

 part of the Colony and into the Free State ; such, for example, 

 as the example in Cape Town Museum, which shows a small animal of 

 the same family as these reptiles, but very much more on the plan of 

 those which occur in the triassic rocks of Germany and the secondary 

 rocks generally of Europe, and although it had a tusk, I have been 

 able by impressing a substance in which the mould reproduced the 

 form of the bones so that the configuration of the skeleton can easily 

 be made out ; frequently we have been obliged to adopt this method 

 because the bones of the animals have been dissolved, but the tusk 

 yields the evidence of the structure of the animal. Now when we 

 turn from these most interesting matters concerning the history and 

 evolution of life and the distribution of coal through the country, we 

 have by no means exhausted those matters of interest which come 

 under our notice. One of the problems which we imposed upon 

 ourselves at starting was to examine upon such occurrences of gold 

 which came in our way, and I may mention, as the papers have 

 already done so, that we visited Cradock, and also Barkly. I am not 

 going to tell you exactly what we found, because the details of the 

 examination belong to the Government, but the scientific facts we 

 found are the property of science, and the general principles of the 

 occurrence of gold I may allude to, because it opens a new chapter, so 

 far as I am aware, in the history of science. We went to Cradock 

 and examined a number of workings, some in the immediate neigh- 

 bourhood, and some at a greater distance, and we found that in some 

 -cases people were working intrusive sheets of lava, under the im- 

 pression that they had got the gold reefs, and in other places they were 



