Origin of the Angiospcrmous Flora of South Africa, 351 



this element is more nearly related to that of Tropical Asia than 

 that of Tropical America, and that it is especially nearly connected 

 with that of India and Madagascar. But besides the Tropical African 

 element of the Flora we find in Tropical Africa members of other 

 elements — of the Madagassian, of the Indian, the South African, the 

 boreal, the Mediterranean, and even of the Tropical American. But 

 it is to be noticed that these elements are distributed in the various 

 formations in a very different way." 



** The different halophilous beach formations do not belong to the 

 same floral element. On the coasts of East Africa there pre- 

 dominate, besides some other truly African, members of the Indian 

 and the Monsoon elements ; whereas on the coasts of West Africa 

 exists an element belonging to both Tropical America and Tropical 

 Africa." 



" Besides, the accurate investigations of recent times have shown 

 that in the hydrophilous and hygrophilous megatherm formations 

 of Western Africa some genera exist, the other species of which are 

 to be found only in the corresponding formations of Tropical 

 America. And not only some genera, but even whole families 

 and tribes, are developed only in Tropical America and in either 

 West Africa or in the whole of Tropical Africa ; for instance, in the 

 hygrophilous formations, theMayacacecB, BapatacecB,Musacece,-Strelitz- 

 ioidece, Balanophoracece-LangsdorffiecB, Moracecs-BrosimecB, Caricacece, 

 HumiriacecB, Winter a7iacecB, Cactacece-Bhipsalidecd, GentianacecB- 

 Leiphaimece. In the subxerophilous and xerophilous formations of 

 the plain regions and the lower mountains some families and tribes 

 behave in a similar manner, namely, the VelloziacecE, Hydnoracece, 

 TurneracecB, LoasacecB, Baffiesiace(S-Apoda7ithecB,SindCyti7iecs. Besides 

 these families there are to be mentioned some natural orders 

 which have also members in the Monsoon lands, but which are 

 developed in rich numbers only in America and Africa ; for instance, 

 the Pontederiacece, the Moracece-Dorsteniece, the BosacecB-Chi^ysohala- 

 noidecE, the SimarubacecB-Simarubece, the Burseracecz, the Dichape- 

 talacece, and the large genera Hermannia and Asclepias." 



'* In the hygrophilous megatherm formations, and in the meso- 

 therm formations of East Africa, especially in the rain forests and in 

 the forests of the higher mountains, the Indian and Madagascar 

 elements are rather numerous in members, and even the same 

 species are to be found in the mountains of East Africa, the 

 Madagassian Islands, and in India, especially many ferns." 



" The South African element, too, is not absent in these forma- 

 tions, but it is much more numerous in species in the shrub 

 formations of Angola and East Africa. In the xerophilous forma- 



