ORANGE, TURNER, AND HAENKE GLACIERS 265 



would again be occupied after an interval of freedom from deposit of 

 over a quarter of a century. 



By this change the heavily sediment-laden glacial stream is now cours- 

 ing through the alder thicket in a multitude of branches which are 

 rapidly killing and burying the bushes. That this change occurred late 

 in. the spring or early in the summer of 1906 is proved by the fact that 

 all the alders are in full leaf. That the complete destruction of the alder 

 thicket is imminent is evident from the fact that the roots of the plants 

 are bathed in glacial waters, while the gravel deposit is rapidly rising 

 above them. The summer of 1906 is probably the last season of life for 

 these plants. 



ORAKOE GLACIER 



East of the expanded ice-foot of Variegated glacier there is another 

 glacier which heads on a low, flat divide from which the ice descends east- 

 ward toward Nunatak fiord and westward toward Variegated glacier. 

 This, which I now call the Orange glacier (plates 8 and 9),* because 

 of the presence on it of a pronounced orange-colored medial moraine, is a 

 smooth, flat glacier with gentle grade and, so far as we could see, with no 

 pronounced tributaries, its supply coming mainly from snowfall and 

 snowslides in the flat divide area. Since the inclosing mountains are not 

 lofty and the tributaries few and small, this glacier differs widely from 

 the neighboring Variegated glacier. Although we did not go out on 

 Orange glacier in 1905, we saw clearly all but its terminus; and are con- 

 vinced that it was then in essentially the same condition as in 1906, when 

 we made a journey out upon it nearly up to the snow-line. 



Thus we have the anomaly of two neighboring glaciers, both of which 

 were essentially uncrevassed and easily traversed in August, 1905, but 

 one of which has so changed as to become impassable in a period of ten 

 months, while the other shows no noticeable change. In fact, one of 

 them, Variegated glacier, is so broken that attempts to ascend the margin 

 to a point where we photographed it in 1905 were completely frustrated. 



TURNER GLACIER 



This glacier (plates 11 and 12) flows eastward from mount Cook 

 through a valley more than a mile in width, and on passing out of its 

 mountain valley expands to about double this width, ending in an ice- 



* The name Variegated glacier was extended to this by Tarr and Martin in 190.5, on 

 the belief, which we shared with Russell and Gilbert, that it was continuous with the 

 stagnant moraine-covered ice described above ; but in 1906 we went out on it and found 

 it almost completely separated from the stagnant ice-foot, which is really a part of the 

 advancing Variegated glacier, as stated above. The name of 190.5 is therefore inap- 

 propriate and is withdrawn. 



