OTHER TRrBUTARlES TO MALASPlNA GLACIER 277 



placed one evening in what seemed a safe position, was swept away early 

 the next morning by a sudden rise in the river. 



OTHER TRIBUTARIES TO MALASPlNA GLACIER 



Between the advancing Atrevida and Marvine glaciers lie Lucia and 

 Hayden glaciers. It has been stated that the former may possibly be ad- 

 vancing in its i;pper portion; but there is no sign of any advance in the 

 Hayden. It pushes down to and coalesces with the Marvine, slightly de- 

 flecting it, but not contributing greatly to the ice-supply of Malaspina 

 glacier. For a short distance near the head of the Kwik, ice supplied by 

 Hayden glacier forms the eastern margin of the Malaspina, and in this 

 section there is little crevassing; but, with the exception of this small 

 area, there is no place between point Manby and Blossom island where 

 one can ascend to the surface of Malaspina glacier without encountering 

 almost impassable crevasses. 



West of Marvine glacier the Seward emerges from Us mountain valley, 

 spreading out to form a portion of the Malaspina ice-plateau. From a 

 distant view that part of the Malaspina which Seward glacier supplies 

 does not appear to be greatly erevassed, the broken area dominated by the 

 Marvine ending quite distinctly where it comes in contact with the ice 

 supplied by Seward glacier; but where the Seward emerges from its 

 mountain valley, there is a great deal of crevassing. Benno Alexander, a 

 member of my party, accompanied the Duke of Abruzzi on his ascent of 

 mount Saint Elias, in the course of which he frequently traversed Seward 

 glacier. On viewing this glacier from the crest of Blossom island in 

 1906, Alexander was convinced that itwas far more erevassed than in 1896. 

 He states that in 1896 it was easy sledging across that part of Seward 

 glacier where now, from a distant view, it seems that sledding would not 

 be possible. This suggests that possibly Seward glacier is also advancing, 

 but that the wave has not yet affected the more stagnant piedmont 

 terminus in the Malaspina ice-plateau. 



SUMMARY OF OBSERVATIONS 



The facts above stated for individual glaciers show that there is a re- 

 markable change in progress in at least several of the many valley glaciers 

 of the Yakutat Bay region. This change is in the nature of a paroxysmal 

 thrust, as a result of which the ice is badly broken, as if a push from 

 behind had been applied with such vigor as to break the rigid, resisting 

 ice-mass in front. The effect of this thrust is in each case felt from far 



