ALLIED PHENOMENA IN NEW ZEALAND. 55 
Leicestershire, at 550 feet deep. On the left of the figure the coal had 
been removed by a washout about 300 feet in width. Details of the 
section render a lengthy description unnecessary. 
NEW ZEALAND 
Figure 26 is a copy of a sketch made in 1879 by MrG. J. Binns, 
eovernment mine inspector, of a section of a vein of “ pure white unctuous 
Ficure 25.—Vertical Section in the ‘‘ Lount Middle”? Coal Bed of Leicestershire. 
One-fiftieth natural size. 
clay,” hardly solidified, which intersected a 4 foot 9 inch seam of coal 
in the Springfield colliery, Canterbury, New Zealand. The roof of 
the coal bed was ‘“‘very flaky and 
hard.” The shape of this vein of 
clay, while peculiar, suggests a filled 
up crack or fissure. 
UNITED STATES 
Figure 27 represents a section noted 
by the writer in 1894 near Beaver 
Falls, Pennsylvania, in the Lower 
Productive Coal series. A clay-vein Ficurx 26.—Section of Clay-vein in Springfield 
is here observed cutting a swell or ee 
“ horse-back”’ occupying the horizon 
of a one-inch shaly parting separating the bed of coal seen in its normal 
condition ontheright. From the phenomena presented it does not seem 
that the clay-vein had anything to do with the origin of the “ horse-back,” 
One-twentieth natural size. 
Fieurr 27.—Section of Clay-vein near Beaver Falls. 
One-fiftieth natural size. 
but it appears that the mass of sandstone seen on the left occupies a 
partially eroded area and has been pushed toward the right, squeezing 
what was left of the coal into rolls beneath it and creating the opening 
