K AMES. 219 
filled with.sands. To the south along the crest of the range are huge 
blocks of limestone of the Black River formation which have apparently 
been derived from outliers of these rocks, now found in the low area to 
the north and which must therefore have been carried upward at least 
500 to 600 feet to their present position. 
KAMES OF THE REGION 
SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION 
Kames, often of large size, are found at many points. Some of these 
are of fine material, while others are coarse and contain quantities of 
well-rounded stones. The direction of many of these kames is nearly 
east and west, but in places they have a course nearly at right angles to 
this. They are often of large size and some of them have a height of not 
far from 100 feet. Some of the longest and best defined extend nearly 
along the river valleys in which they are found. 
ORIGIN OF THE KAMES 
The kames of eastern Canada appear to be due to two causes. Some 
of them, more especially in the western portion of Ontario, are doubt- 
less connected with glacial phenomena, while in the lower Ottawa and 
Saint Lawrence basins they owe their origin apparently to agencies sub- 
sequent to the Glacial time. This feature is well pointed out by Mr 
Robert Chalmers in his report on northern New Brunswick and Gaspe,* 
in which he cites numerous instances of kames which are more recent 
than the boulder-clays of that district, and which he unhesitatinely 
classes under the head of marine deposits. From recent study of the 
glacial phenomena of the Saint Lawrence and Ottawa basins Mr. Chal- 
mers has also obtained certain facts that show that these deposits, as 
seen in the vicinity of Three Rivers and to the north of this place along 
the Saint Maurice, are well below the horizon of the shell-bearing Saxi- 
cava sands and marine clays, and are newer than the glacial deposits of 
this area. This view is also supported by the presence of marine fossils 
in the clays underlying the kames at various points, as well as in certain 
of the kames themselves. 
EVIDENCE AS TO THE SUBMERGENCE OF THE OrTawa BASIN 
The observations of Sir William Dawson on the Pleistocene deposits 
of the lower Saint Lawrence, in the vicinity of the Saguenay, have a 
* Annual Report, Geological Survey of Canada, new series, vol, ii, 1886, pt..M, pp. 22-27. 
XXXITI—Bouttz, Grou, Soc, Am., Vou, 9, 1897 
