390 BR. BELL—HUDSON BAY MAMMOTH AND MASTODON REMAINS. 
the western extremity of lake Ontario, the bones and tusks of a large 
mammoth were found in 1848 in an ancient beach deposit, 37 feet below 
the surface and at an elevation of 70 feet above the lake; but in the 
majority of cases such remains have been discovered just beneath the 
surface of the ground in cutting ditches to drain swamps, in shell marl left 
by the drying up of small shallow lakes, or under thin coverings of super* 
ficial loam, silt, etcetera. In the province of Quebec no traces of fossil 
elephants have yet been recorded, as far as the writer is aware. 
In the maritime provinces the only discoveries of such relics yet made 
consist of some mastodon bones which were found in banks of sand and 
gravel in the valleys of Middle and Baddeck rivers, in the central part 
of the island of Cape Breton, which forms part of Nova Scotia. The 
elevation in each case did not extend 50 feet above the sea, and the two 
localities are less than 20 miles apart. 
Norre.—Since the foregoing paper was in print the writer has received 
the June number of the Scottish Geographical Magazine, containing Pro- 
fessor James Geikie’s thoughtful article on “ The Tundras and Steppes 
of Prehistoric Europe,” in which he makes some remarks that are of in- 
terest in confirmation of the manner in which I have supposed that some 
of the mammoths of Siberia had perished. He says: “ We have seen 
how in existing tundras and steppes the semi-domesticated and wild 
animals of these regions are now and again overwhelmed in storms and 
smothered in snow. Now, similar catastrophies must have happened 
again and again in the tundras and steppes of prehistoric times.” 
