52 F. B. TAYLOR — CORRELATION OF BEACHES AND MORAINES. 



was spent in this search and in mapping the glacial topography, chiefly 

 of the interesting region west of Verona Mills and between this place and 

 Ubly, covering the angle of the two ice-lobes. From the results of this 

 work it seems clear that no shoreline above the Forest passes around 

 the thumb from the south, nor does any beach above the Forest in the 

 Saginaw valley extend northeast around the thumb. Search was also 

 made on the western slope of the Saginaw moraine southwest from a 

 point six miles north of Caro over most of the interval to Vassar without 

 rinding any beach above the Forest. If the same vertical interval be- 

 tween the beaches existed at Verona Mills as on the line west from Port 

 Huron, the Arkona beach should be found midway up the hillsides. 



PEW A MO OUTLET. 



This is one of the most magnificent old outlet channels to be seen any- 

 where in the lake region ; but with the exception of the facts gathered at 

 and about Maple Rapids, as already mentioned, and a few unconnected 

 observations in the vicinity of Pewamo, Ionia, and the city of Grand 

 Rapids, no close study of it was made. The channel is about 50 miles 

 long, with a floor three-fourths of a mile to a little over a mile wide de- 

 scending westward a foot or less per mile, and from Ionia down the 

 bordering lands are mostly rugged morainic hills which rise from the 

 channel bed rapidly to between 200 and 300 feet above it. On an excur- 

 sion out of Ionia with Mr E. H. Mudge, of that place, several of the 

 features described by him in a recent paper were seen, including gravel 

 bars that seem to indicate a westward flowing current.* More of the 

 same kind were seen on the east side above Muir. A well marked terrace 

 skirts the valley on both sides — at Ionia at about 750 feet above sealevel, 

 or about 100 feet above the channel floor. This was seen from the train 

 nearly all along to Grand Rapids. On the south side at Ionia it ap- 

 peared to be the remains of an old river floor at that level. There is also 

 a lower terrace sometimes appearing at 10 or 15 feet. In the northern 

 part of the city at Grand Rapids a great gravel ridge, apparently a spit 

 built out across a small valley's mouth by waves running toward the 

 north, stands just back of the Detroit, Grand Haven and Milwaukee 

 railroad station, its summit being at about 746 feet. In the Saginaw 

 valley there is a beach called the Du Plain, which lies above the Forest, 

 but neither the Forest nor the Du Plain beaches were certainly identified 

 below Maple Rapids, and it is not known what relation they had to the 

 terraces in the Pewamo channel or to lake Chicago in the Michigan 



*" Central Michigan and the Post-Glacial Submergence," by K. H. Mudge, Am. Jour. Sci., 

 vol. 1, December, 1895. 



