﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  

  

  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  

  

  cation 
  will, 
  however, 
  be 
  discussed 
  at 
  length 
  by 
  Sauer 
  in 
  volume 
  5 
  of 
  

   the 
  Handbook, 
  it 
  is 
  sufficient 
  to 
  observe 
  here 
  that 
  a 
  considerable 
  

   number 
  of 
  cultivated 
  plants, 
  whether 
  indigenous 
  or 
  from 
  other 
  parts 
  

   of 
  America, 
  reached 
  the 
  Andean 
  Highlands 
  at 
  an 
  early 
  date. 
  

  

  The 
  Highlands 
  became 
  the 
  great 
  center 
  of 
  intensive 
  agriculture 
  

   in 
  South 
  America. 
  The 
  agricultural 
  practices 
  had 
  passed 
  beyond 
  the 
  

   exploitative 
  stage 
  and 
  reached 
  the 
  point 
  where 
  soils 
  were 
  protected 
  

   from 
  erosion 
  and 
  systematically 
  built 
  up 
  with 
  fertilizers 
  for 
  maximum 
  

   utilization. 
  All 
  sections 
  of 
  the 
  Highlands 
  did 
  not 
  achieve 
  this 
  high 
  

   development 
  of 
  agriculture, 
  but 
  intensive 
  cultivation 
  is 
  nonetheless 
  

   the 
  basic 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  pattern. 
  It 
  is 
  in 
  these 
  terms, 
  

   then, 
  that 
  the 
  over-all 
  pattern 
  which 
  distinguished 
  the 
  Highlands 
  

   from 
  other 
  regions 
  of 
  South 
  America 
  must 
  be 
  defined. 
  

  

  Table 
  1. 
  — 
  Principal 
  pre-Columbian 
  domesticated 
  plants 
  in 
  the 
  Highland 
  area 
  

  

  SEED 
  CROPS 
  

  

  Common 
  name 
  

  

  Botanical 
  name 
  

  

  Occurrence 
  

  

  Maize 
  

  

  Zea 
  mays... 
  

  

  All 
  areas. 
  

  

  Lupine 
  

  

  Lupinus 
  tauris 
  

  

  Highlands. 
  

  

  Quinoa. 
  

  

  Chenopodium 
  quinoa 
  

  

  Highlands. 
  

  

  Cafiahua 
  

  

  Chenopodium 
  pallidicaule 
  

  

  Highlands. 
  

  

  Amaranth 
  

  

  Amaranthus 
  sp 
  

  

  Highlands. 
  

  

  

  

  

  BEANS 
  

  

  Kidney 
  

  

  Phaseolus 
  vulgaris 
  

  

  General. 
  

  

  Scarlet 
  runner 
  or 
  ayecote 
  

  

  Lima 
  

  

  Phaseolus 
  multiflorus 
  (or 
  coccineus) 
  

  

  Phaseolus 
  lunatus 
  

  

  Cauca 
  River. 
  

   Coast. 
  

  

  Jack 
  

  

  Canavalia 
  ensiformis 
  

  

  Coast. 
  

  

  

  

  

  FRUITS 
  

  

  Pineapple 
  

  

  Ananas 
  sativus 
  

  

  Tropical. 
  

  

  Soursop 
  

  

  Annona 
  muricata 
  ._ 
  

  

  Pepino 
  

  

  

  Temperate. 
  

  

  

  

  ROOTS 
  

  

  Potato 
  _ 
  

  

  

  Chile 
  Coast. 
  

  

  Potato 
  

  

  

  Highlands. 
  

   Highlands. 
  

   Highlands. 
  

  

  Oca 
  

  

  

  Ulluco 
  

  

  

  Mashua 
  

  

  

  Achira 
  

  

  Canna 
  edulis 
  

  

  Coast; 
  temperate 
  valleys. 
  

  

  Arracacha 
  

  

  Arracacia 
  xanthonhiza 
  (or 
  esculenta) 
  . 
  . 
  . 
  

   Polymnia 
  edulis 
  

  

  Temperate 
  valleys. 
  

   Temperate 
  valleys. 
  

   Tropical 
  lowlands. 
  

  

  Yacon 
  _ 
  

  

  Sweet 
  manioc 
  (yuca) 
  

  

  Manihot 
  utilissima 
  

  

  Peanut 
  

  

  

  

  Sweet 
  potato 
  

  

  Jpomoea 
  batatas 
  

  

  Tropical 
  lowlands. 
  

  

  

  

  MISCELLANEOUS 
  

  

  Squash 
  

  

  Cucurbita 
  maxima 
  

  

  General. 
  

  

  Peppers, 
  aji 
  

  

  Capsicum 
  annuum 
  

  

  Medium 
  climates. 
  

  

  Cacao, 
  chocolate 
  bean 
  

  

  Theobroma 
  cacao 
  

  

  

  Cotton 
  

  

  Gossypium 
  hirsutum 
  (var. 
  punctatum) 
  . 
  

  

  Tropical 
  Coast. 
  

  

  Cotton 
  

  

  

  

  

  NARCOTICS 
  

  

  Tobacco 
  

  

  Nicotiana 
  tabacum 
  

  

  Nicotiana 
  rustica 
  

  

  Erythroxylon 
  coca 
  

  

  

  Tobacco 
  

  

  Highlands. 
  

   Warm 
  valleys. 
  

  

  Coca 
  . 
  

  

  

  