﻿8 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  4,500,000 
  and 
  not 
  over 
  7,500,000. 
  Although 
  some 
  have 
  suggested 
  

   that 
  the 
  Indian 
  population 
  was 
  even 
  greater 
  before 
  the 
  Inca 
  expansion, 
  

   no 
  confirming 
  evidence 
  is 
  yet 
  available. 
  

  

  THE 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  AS 
  A 
  WHOLE 
  

  

  The 
  earliest 
  preagricultural 
  inhabitants 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  region 
  

   probably 
  belonged 
  to 
  the 
  Palaeo-American 
  or 
  short, 
  dolichocephalic 
  

   physical 
  type, 
  although 
  concrete 
  evidence 
  of 
  this 
  is 
  meager. 
  However, 
  

   the 
  agricultural 
  population 
  throughout 
  the 
  whole 
  Andean 
  area 
  ap- 
  

   parently 
  pertained 
  to 
  the 
  Neo-American, 
  or 
  brachycephalic, 
  Mon- 
  

   goloid 
  type, 
  again 
  of 
  medium 
  stature. 
  This 
  physical 
  type 
  is 
  more 
  or 
  

   less 
  the 
  same 
  as 
  that 
  found 
  throughout 
  Middle 
  America 
  and 
  Mexico 
  

   in 
  association 
  with 
  the 
  higher 
  civilizations. 
  However, 
  the 
  few 
  de- 
  

   tailed 
  studies 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  made 
  indicate 
  that 
  considerable 
  

   diversity 
  exists 
  in 
  local 
  Andean 
  physical 
  types. 
  

  

  Language 
  classification 
  forms 
  a 
  special 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  Handbook 
  

   (vol. 
  5), 
  but 
  even 
  superficially, 
  it 
  is 
  clear 
  that 
  the 
  Andean 
  region 
  

   was 
  not 
  united 
  linguistically. 
  The 
  problem 
  of 
  classification 
  is 
  partic- 
  

   ularly 
  difficult 
  in 
  this 
  region 
  since 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  languages 
  died 
  out 
  

   before 
  they 
  were 
  recorded. 
  Furthermore, 
  the 
  spread 
  of 
  the 
  Quechua 
  

   language 
  in 
  conjunction 
  with 
  the 
  expansion 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  

   eliminated 
  much 
  linguistic 
  diversification. 
  Following 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  

   Quechua 
  became 
  a 
  lingua 
  franca 
  used 
  by 
  missionaries 
  and 
  Spaniards 
  

   and 
  so 
  continued 
  to 
  displace 
  other 
  languages. 
  

  

  In 
  Colombia, 
  languages 
  of 
  the 
  Chibchan 
  family 
  were 
  dominant 
  in 
  the 
  

   Highlands. 
  Many 
  other 
  languages 
  died 
  out, 
  so 
  that 
  many 
  related 
  to 
  

   Choco 
  may 
  once 
  have 
  been 
  more 
  widely 
  spoken. 
  There 
  is 
  also 
  some 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  an 
  Arawak 
  tongue 
  in 
  Colombia, 
  later 
  replaced 
  by 
  Chibcha. 
  

   Quechua 
  replaced 
  many 
  languages 
  in 
  Ecuador, 
  although 
  the 
  Esmeralda 
  

   tongues 
  are 
  known 
  to 
  be 
  distinct 
  and 
  Canari 
  was 
  probably 
  so. 
  Some 
  

   Ecuadorian 
  languages, 
  such 
  as 
  Pasto 
  and 
  Quillacinga, 
  seem 
  related 
  to 
  

   the 
  upper 
  Amazon 
  Tucanoan 
  group, 
  and 
  the 
  Palta 
  language 
  (this 
  

   volume, 
  p. 
  47) 
  may 
  possibly 
  be 
  related 
  to 
  Jivaro. 
  

  

  Quechua 
  was 
  spoken 
  throughout 
  most 
  of 
  Peril 
  following 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   expansion. 
  However, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  language 
  has 
  survived 
  in 
  the 
  

   southern 
  Peruvian 
  Highlands 
  and 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  and 
  apparently 
  at 
  one 
  

   time 
  had 
  a 
  much 
  wider 
  distribution. 
  Likewise, 
  the 
  Uru-Chipaya 
  

   language, 
  thought 
  by 
  some 
  to 
  be 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Puquina, 
  is 
  still 
  spoken 
  

   in 
  Bolivia. 
  Although 
  many 
  different 
  languages 
  may 
  once 
  have 
  ex- 
  

   isted 
  on 
  the 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peru, 
  only 
  the 
  Mochica 
  and 
  the 
  Quingnam 
  

   survived 
  long 
  enough 
  for 
  cursory 
  recording. 
  In 
  North 
  Chile 
  and 
  

   Northwest 
  Argentina, 
  the 
  Atacameno 
  (Kunza) 
  and 
  Diaguita 
  (KaJcan) 
  

   languages 
  were 
  prominent, 
  and 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  tongues 
  prevailed 
  in 
  

   Central 
  Chile. 
  

  

  