﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  9 
  

  

  In 
  general, 
  the 
  Highland 
  peoples 
  had 
  a 
  common 
  cultural 
  basis. 
  

   Wherever 
  possible, 
  the 
  primary 
  subsistence 
  was 
  intensive 
  agri- 
  

   culture, 
  with 
  hunting, 
  gathering, 
  and 
  fishing 
  of 
  secondary 
  importance. 
  

   Many 
  of 
  the 
  cultivated 
  plants 
  were 
  the 
  same 
  throughout, 
  such 
  as 
  

   maize, 
  beans, 
  squash, 
  potatoes, 
  sweet 
  potatoes, 
  manioc, 
  and 
  quinoa. 
  

   Coca 
  and 
  cotton 
  were 
  common 
  additions. 
  Agricultural 
  implements, 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  digging 
  stick 
  and 
  a 
  simple 
  hoe, 
  were 
  used 
  everywhere. 
  

   Agriculture 
  was 
  the 
  major 
  occupation 
  for 
  men, 
  assisted 
  by 
  the 
  women. 
  

  

  Such 
  crafts 
  as 
  metallurgy, 
  ceramics, 
  and 
  weaving 
  were 
  well 
  de- 
  

   veloped. 
  The 
  specific 
  emphasis 
  on 
  metallurgy 
  was 
  limited 
  in 
  part 
  by 
  

   the 
  presence 
  or 
  absence 
  of 
  such 
  metals 
  as 
  gold, 
  silver, 
  copper, 
  and 
  tin 
  

   in 
  the 
  different 
  areas; 
  but 
  in 
  practically 
  all 
  groups 
  there 
  is 
  evidence 
  of 
  

   excellent 
  craft 
  skill 
  in 
  manipulating 
  the 
  available 
  materials. 
  The 
  

   ceramic 
  art 
  includes 
  not 
  only 
  serviceable 
  pottery 
  for 
  utilitarian 
  pur- 
  

   poses, 
  but 
  also 
  more 
  elaborately 
  decorated 
  vessels 
  for 
  ceremonial 
  

   uses. 
  Weaving 
  was 
  probably 
  developed 
  in 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  High- 
  

   lands, 
  although 
  factors 
  of 
  preservation 
  make 
  the 
  evidence 
  somewhat 
  

   spotty. 
  Such 
  minor 
  crafts 
  as 
  basketry, 
  wood 
  carving, 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  

   calabashes, 
  and 
  the 
  making 
  of 
  stone 
  and 
  shell 
  articles 
  were 
  common. 
  

   Building 
  with 
  permanent 
  materials 
  and 
  stone 
  sculpture 
  are 
  not, 
  

   however, 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  as 
  a 
  whole. 
  

  

  Reasonably 
  complete 
  clothing 
  of 
  untailored 
  (i. 
  e., 
  uncut), 
  loom- 
  

   woven 
  materials 
  was 
  typical 
  of 
  the 
  Highlands. 
  The 
  male 
  costume 
  

   followed 
  the 
  pattern 
  of 
  breechclout 
  and 
  slit-neck 
  shirt, 
  shoulder 
  

   shawl, 
  and 
  wrap-around 
  skirt. 
  The 
  standard 
  female 
  costume 
  was 
  

   a 
  wrap-around 
  single 
  garment 
  and 
  a 
  shawl. 
  Most 
  of 
  the 
  groups 
  used 
  

   some 
  kind 
  of 
  headdress 
  and 
  footgear. 
  

  

  Where 
  the 
  terrain 
  permitted, 
  the 
  emphasis 
  on 
  intensive 
  agriculture 
  

   led 
  to 
  sedentary 
  and 
  fairly 
  concentrated 
  populations. 
  The 
  village 
  

   pattern 
  was 
  typical 
  of 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  although 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  

   true 
  cities 
  was 
  limited. 
  As 
  an 
  accompaniment 
  of 
  the 
  village 
  pattern 
  

   and 
  the 
  concentrated 
  populations, 
  class 
  distinctions 
  were 
  common. 
  

   In 
  some 
  groups 
  these 
  distinctions 
  became 
  crystallized 
  into 
  a 
  true 
  

   caste 
  system. 
  In 
  every 
  major 
  area 
  of 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  political 
  or- 
  

   ganization 
  over 
  and 
  above 
  the 
  individual 
  villages 
  had 
  developed, 
  and 
  

   the 
  chiefs 
  or 
  rulers 
  had 
  considerable 
  power 
  and 
  distinction. 
  Such 
  

   political 
  organization 
  commonly 
  assumed 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  a 
  loose 
  confed- 
  

   eracy, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  case 
  of 
  the 
  Inca, 
  and 
  perhaps 
  others, 
  actually 
  

   achieved 
  the 
  status 
  of 
  a 
  true 
  state. 
  

  

  Formal 
  religious 
  organization, 
  with 
  priests, 
  as 
  distinct 
  from 
  medicine 
  

   men, 
  specialized 
  cults, 
  and 
  temples, 
  was 
  a 
  characteristic 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  

   social 
  structure. 
  Throughout 
  the 
  area, 
  burial 
  of 
  the 
  dead 
  was 
  elabo- 
  

   rated, 
  not 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  preparation 
  of 
  graves 
  but 
  also 
  

   in 
  the 
  quantity 
  and 
  quality 
  of 
  the 
  grave 
  offerings. 
  

  

  