﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  11 
  

  

  of 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  did 
  not 
  foster 
  the 
  same 
  cultural 
  

   advance 
  as 
  did 
  the 
  more 
  bleak 
  altiplano. 
  The 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  fertile 
  

   Central 
  Valley 
  of 
  Chile 
  were 
  culturally 
  behind 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  more 
  

   limited 
  Coastal 
  valleys 
  of 
  Perti. 
  The 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  greatest 
  cultural 
  

   intensity 
  was 
  in 
  the 
  Central 
  Andes, 
  that 
  is, 
  the 
  Highlands 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  

   and 
  the 
  Highlands 
  and 
  the 
  Coast 
  of 
  Perti. 
  The 
  intensity 
  decreases 
  

   to 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  south. 
  However, 
  within 
  the 
  Highlands 
  some 
  

   cultural 
  divisions 
  are 
  not 
  based 
  merely 
  on 
  the 
  decreasing 
  intensity 
  

   of 
  this 
  Central 
  Andean 
  pattern, 
  but 
  rather 
  have 
  a 
  different 
  scheme 
  

   of 
  orientation. 
  Since 
  the 
  subdivisions 
  of 
  Andean 
  cultures 
  are 
  not 
  

   constant 
  throughout 
  the 
  total 
  history, 
  they 
  must 
  be 
  discussed 
  in 
  

   terms 
  of 
  specific 
  time 
  periods. 
  

  

  One 
  convenient 
  period 
  is 
  that 
  which 
  immediately 
  preceded 
  the 
  

   Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  The 
  Conquest 
  was 
  relatively 
  rapid, 
  occupying 
  

   less 
  than 
  50 
  years, 
  so 
  that 
  an 
  immediate 
  pre-Conquest 
  Period 
  repre- 
  

   sents 
  a 
  more 
  or 
  less 
  consistent 
  calendrical 
  date. 
  In 
  this 
  period, 
  

   then, 
  there 
  were 
  three 
  distinctive 
  cultural 
  divisions 
  in 
  the 
  High- 
  

   lands. 
  First 
  and 
  foremost 
  was 
  the 
  Inca 
  pattern, 
  which 
  extended 
  

   from 
  the 
  southern 
  border 
  of 
  Colombia 
  through 
  Ecuador, 
  Peru, 
  Bolivia, 
  

   Northwest 
  Argentina, 
  and 
  south 
  to 
  the 
  Rio 
  Maule 
  in 
  Chile. 
  In 
  spite 
  

   of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  in 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquest 
  was 
  completed 
  

   but 
  a 
  short 
  time 
  before 
  the 
  arrival 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards, 
  the 
  cultural 
  

   pattern 
  was 
  rather 
  thoroughly 
  established 
  throughout 
  the 
  total 
  Em- 
  

   pire. 
  The 
  second 
  major 
  division, 
  the 
  Chibcha, 
  was 
  in 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cor- 
  

   dillera 
  of 
  Colombia. 
  Chibcha 
  organization 
  had 
  not 
  reached 
  empire 
  

   proportions, 
  so 
  that 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  smaller 
  groups 
  in 
  Highland 
  Colombia 
  

   were 
  in 
  part 
  independent 
  units. 
  The 
  Araucanian 
  pattern 
  in 
  Chile 
  

   is 
  the 
  third 
  major 
  division. 
  Although 
  in 
  part 
  conquered 
  by 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  and 
  strongly 
  influenced 
  by 
  them, 
  a 
  distinctive 
  culture 
  was 
  main- 
  

   tained, 
  particularly 
  by 
  those 
  groups 
  living 
  in 
  the 
  rain 
  forest 
  of 
  

   southern 
  Central 
  Chile. 
  Special 
  articles 
  are 
  included 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  

   this 
  volume 
  on 
  the 
  Inca, 
  the 
  Chibcha, 
  and 
  the 
  Araucanian 
  at 
  about 
  

   the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  one 
  on 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  in 
  

   terms 
  of 
  its 
  effect 
  on 
  Indian 
  cultures. 
  

  

  The 
  effect 
  of 
  European 
  conquest 
  and 
  later 
  Colonial 
  history 
  was 
  

   profound 
  and 
  extensive. 
  In 
  some 
  regions, 
  such 
  as 
  Colombia, 
  the 
  

   native 
  cultures 
  were 
  virtually 
  eliminated 
  and 
  the 
  population 
  roughly 
  

   assimilated. 
  In 
  other 
  areas, 
  like 
  Perti, 
  the 
  Indian 
  cultures 
  went 
  

   through 
  a 
  long 
  period 
  of 
  upheaval 
  before 
  they 
  settled 
  down 
  into 
  new 
  

   and 
  highly 
  modified 
  patterns. 
  In 
  Chile, 
  the 
  Araucanians 
  put 
  up 
  

   stiff 
  resistance 
  but 
  obviously 
  not 
  without 
  great 
  modification 
  of 
  their 
  

   earlier 
  cultural 
  pattern. 
  

  

  The 
  cultural 
  divisions 
  among 
  the 
  surviving 
  Indian 
  groups 
  of 
  today 
  

   are 
  quite 
  distinct 
  from 
  the 
  pre-Conquest 
  Period. 
  Three 
  subdivisions 
  

   can 
  be 
  recognized 
  in 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  Inca 
  Empire, 
  although 
  the 
  

  

  