﻿12 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  H. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  distinctions 
  are 
  based 
  more 
  on 
  linguistic 
  differences 
  than 
  on 
  striking 
  

   cultural 
  contrasts. 
  The 
  first 
  division 
  includes 
  the 
  Quechua-speakmg 
  

   Indians 
  of 
  Highland 
  Ecuador, 
  Perti, 
  and 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera 
  of 
  

   Bolivia. 
  The 
  culture 
  is 
  a 
  blend 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  Inca 
  pattern 
  and 
  Western 
  

   civilization. 
  The 
  second 
  group 
  consists 
  of 
  the 
  Aymara, 
  who 
  are 
  

   located 
  in 
  the 
  altiplano 
  of 
  southern 
  Perti 
  and 
  Bolivia. 
  The 
  Aymara 
  

   have 
  resisted 
  assimilation 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  and 
  the 
  Colonial 
  Spanish, 
  and 
  

   the 
  modern 
  Bolivians 
  and 
  Peruvians. 
  A 
  third 
  division, 
  of 
  minor 
  

   importance, 
  includes 
  the 
  Uru 
  and 
  Chipaya 
  Indians 
  along 
  the 
  Desa- 
  

   guadero 
  Eiver 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  who 
  speak 
  a 
  distinct 
  language 
  and 
  have 
  a 
  

   few 
  distinctive 
  cultural 
  characteristics. 
  In 
  Chile, 
  the 
  old 
  Araucanian 
  

   pattern 
  still 
  survives 
  and 
  can 
  still 
  be 
  distinguished 
  from 
  those 
  of 
  Perti 
  

   and 
  Bolivia. 
  In 
  Colombia, 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  pattern 
  has 
  disappeared 
  and 
  

   only 
  small 
  groups 
  remain, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Cagabd 
  in 
  the 
  Santa 
  Marta 
  

   region, 
  and 
  the 
  Pdez 
  and 
  Coconuco 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  Highlands. 
  Again, 
  

   special 
  articles 
  have 
  been 
  written 
  for 
  this 
  volume 
  on 
  all 
  these 
  con- 
  

   temporary 
  Indian 
  groups. 
  

  

  The 
  cultural 
  divisions 
  of 
  the 
  Highlands 
  in 
  -pre-Inca 
  Periods 
  are 
  

   harder 
  to 
  generalize, 
  since 
  archeological 
  sequences 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  

   satisfactorily 
  established 
  for 
  all 
  the 
  area. 
  However, 
  from 
  the 
  special 
  

   articles 
  on 
  the 
  archeology 
  of 
  Colombia, 
  Ecuador, 
  Peru-Bolivia, 
  North- 
  

   west 
  Argentina, 
  and 
  North 
  Chile, 
  some 
  idea 
  of 
  the 
  diversity 
  can 
  be 
  

   gained. 
  In 
  general, 
  it 
  appears 
  that 
  immediately 
  before 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   started 
  their 
  political 
  expansion, 
  cultural 
  subdivisions 
  would 
  distin- 
  

   guish 
  Ecuador, 
  Northwest 
  Argentina, 
  North 
  Chile, 
  Central 
  Chile, 
  

   the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera 
  of 
  Bolivia, 
  and 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  regions 
  of 
  Colombia. 
  

   In 
  still 
  earlier 
  periods, 
  it 
  is 
  probable 
  that 
  the 
  number 
  of 
  divisions 
  

   would 
  be 
  greater 
  although 
  the 
  corroborating 
  evidence 
  is 
  scanty. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  present 
  evidence, 
  an 
  intensive 
  development 
  of 
  

   culture 
  can 
  be 
  clearly 
  demonstrated 
  for 
  the 
  Central 
  Andes, 
  that 
  is, 
  

   most 
  of 
  Perti 
  and 
  Bolivia, 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  characteristics 
  of 
  this 
  central 
  

   region 
  have 
  not 
  as 
  yet 
  been 
  discovered 
  elsewhere. 
  Furthermore, 
  the 
  

   basic 
  elements 
  of 
  the 
  pattern 
  are 
  demonstrably 
  old 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  High- 
  

   land 
  archeology. 
  From 
  one 
  point 
  of 
  view, 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  

   region 
  can 
  be 
  divided 
  into 
  geographical 
  subdivisions 
  and 
  time 
  periods. 
  

   However, 
  from 
  another 
  point 
  of 
  view, 
  the 
  area 
  is 
  closely 
  united. 
  

   The 
  contrast 
  of 
  Coast 
  and 
  Highland, 
  and 
  the 
  distance 
  between 
  either 
  

   Highland 
  basins 
  or 
  Coastal 
  valleys, 
  permitted 
  the 
  rise 
  of 
  numerous 
  

   local 
  styles. 
  At 
  the 
  same 
  time, 
  the 
  various 
  groups 
  were 
  in 
  some 
  

   contact 
  with 
  each 
  other 
  at 
  all 
  times. 
  Archeological 
  evidence 
  demon- 
  

   strates 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  trade. 
  Tribes 
  of 
  the 
  Highlands 
  received 
  

   Coastal 
  cotton 
  in 
  return 
  for 
  wool 
  from 
  their 
  domesticated 
  llamas 
  and 
  

   alpacas. 
  Foods 
  were 
  exchanged 
  so 
  that 
  an 
  Indian 
  group 
  had 
  the 
  

   benefit 
  of 
  a 
  wide 
  variety 
  of 
  food 
  plants, 
  even 
  those 
  which 
  could 
  not 
  be 
  

   cultivated 
  in 
  its 
  own 
  territory. 
  The 
  Central 
  Andean 
  cultures 
  were 
  

  

  