﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  15 
  

  

  vation 
  of 
  about 
  11,000 
  feet 
  (3,300 
  m.), 
  and 
  have 
  long 
  been 
  intensively 
  

   cultivated. 
  This 
  was 
  the 
  area 
  that 
  became 
  the 
  focal 
  center 
  of 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  Empire. 
  

  

  The 
  Puno 
  district 
  in 
  southern 
  Peru 
  is 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  high 
  altiplano 
  which 
  

   extends 
  into 
  Bolivia. 
  Although 
  the 
  altitude 
  of 
  around 
  13,000 
  feet 
  

   (3,900 
  m.) 
  is 
  too 
  high 
  for 
  the 
  cultivation 
  of 
  maize, 
  potatoes 
  and 
  quinoa 
  

   are 
  planted, 
  and 
  the 
  surrounding 
  puna 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  ideal 
  regions 
  for 
  

   herding 
  llamas 
  and 
  alpacas 
  (pi. 
  5, 
  center; 
  pi. 
  6). 
  Again 
  this 
  has 
  long 
  

   been 
  a 
  densely 
  settled 
  area. 
  A 
  final 
  center 
  of 
  importance 
  was 
  the 
  

   fertile 
  region 
  around 
  Arequipa 
  in 
  southern 
  Peru. 
  

  

  These 
  principal 
  centers 
  of 
  Highland 
  settlement 
  were 
  important 
  

   units 
  in 
  the 
  archeological 
  past. 
  Distinctive 
  styles 
  and 
  achievements 
  

   can 
  be 
  demonstrated 
  for 
  Cajamarca: 
  Chavin 
  on 
  the 
  Rio 
  Marandn 
  (pi. 
  

   7), 
  the 
  Callej6n 
  de 
  Huaylas,the 
  Rio 
  Mantaro 
  section, 
  Cuzco, 
  and 
  Puno. 
  

  

  The 
  names 
  of 
  many 
  tribes 
  in 
  Highland 
  Peru 
  have 
  been 
  recorded. 
  

   It 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  evaluate 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  these 
  tribal 
  units 
  in 
  view 
  

   of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  all 
  were 
  incorporated 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire. 
  Mark- 
  

   ham 
  (1871) 
  lists 
  63 
  tribes 
  for 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  and 
  Tello 
  (1942) 
  men- 
  

   tions 
  an 
  equally 
  large 
  number. 
  Rowe 
  (this 
  volume, 
  pp. 
  186-191; 
  

   map 
  3) 
  presents 
  a 
  detailed 
  list 
  of 
  44 
  tribes 
  together 
  with 
  a 
  map 
  show- 
  

   ing 
  their 
  locations. 
  Each 
  of 
  the 
  major 
  centers 
  of 
  settlement 
  in 
  the 
  

   Highlands 
  was 
  important 
  in 
  Inca 
  times. 
  One 
  or 
  more 
  names 
  of 
  out- 
  

   standing 
  tribes 
  can 
  also 
  be 
  associated 
  with 
  each 
  center, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  

   Cajamarca 
  and 
  Huamachuco 
  around 
  Cajamarca, 
  the 
  Huayla 
  in 
  the 
  

   Callej6n 
  de 
  Huaylas, 
  the 
  Huanca 
  in 
  the 
  Mantaro, 
  the 
  Colla 
  around 
  

   Puno, 
  and 
  the 
  Arequipa 
  around 
  the 
  town 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  name. 
  The 
  

   extensive 
  Cuzco 
  region 
  was 
  the 
  classical 
  center 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  tribes 
  of 
  

   which 
  numerous 
  subdivisions 
  are 
  recognized. 
  

  

  In 
  r£sume\ 
  throughout 
  Highland 
  Peru, 
  numerous 
  small 
  areas 
  were 
  

   utilized 
  for 
  intensive 
  agriculture 
  and 
  grazing, 
  and 
  five 
  or 
  six 
  large 
  

   areas 
  were 
  suitable 
  for 
  maintaining 
  concentrated 
  population. 
  Al- 
  

   though 
  most 
  of 
  these 
  areas 
  lie 
  between 
  7,000 
  and 
  13,000 
  feet 
  (2,100 
  

   and 
  3,900 
  m.) 
  above 
  sea 
  level, 
  the 
  basicj/subsistence 
  was 
  agriculture, 
  

   with 
  emphasis 
  on 
  quinoa 
  and 
  potatoes 
  in 
  the 
  higher 
  altitudes, 
  and 
  on 
  

   maize 
  in 
  the 
  more 
  favorable 
  localities. 
  The 
  grazing 
  of 
  alpacas 
  and 
  lla- 
  

   mas 
  was 
  important 
  where 
  the 
  punas 
  could 
  be 
  used 
  for 
  pasturage. 
  The 
  

   major 
  population 
  clusters 
  were 
  sufficiently 
  isolated 
  from 
  each 
  other 
  

   to 
  permit 
  independent 
  development, 
  but 
  contact 
  with 
  neighboring 
  

   groups 
  was 
  constant, 
  and, 
  in 
  general, 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  tendency 
  toward 
  

   political 
  expansion 
  over 
  wide 
  areas. 
  

  

  The 
  Pacific 
  Coastal 
  desert 
  is 
  a 
  marked 
  contrast 
  to 
  the 
  high 
  Andes. 
  

   Twenty-five 
  principal 
  streams 
  originate 
  in 
  the 
  mountains 
  and 
  cut 
  

   their 
  way 
  to 
  the 
  Pacific. 
  Intensive 
  agriculture 
  is 
  possible 
  on 
  the 
  river 
  

   flats, 
  particularly 
  with 
  the 
  aid 
  of 
  irrigation. 
  In 
  northern 
  Peru, 
  the 
  

   streams 
  are 
  usually 
  larger 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  more 
  direct 
  rainfall, 
  so 
  that 
  

  

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