﻿16 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  irrigation 
  is 
  of 
  less 
  importance. 
  To 
  the 
  south, 
  the 
  desert 
  increases 
  in 
  

   aridity, 
  and 
  the 
  need 
  for 
  irrigation 
  is 
  augmented. 
  The 
  Coastal 
  

   plain 
  is 
  much 
  wider 
  in 
  the 
  north 
  than 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  region, 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  

   south 
  the 
  streams 
  cut 
  through 
  a 
  low 
  Coastal 
  range, 
  so 
  that 
  the 
  cul- 
  

   tivated 
  lands 
  are 
  somewhat 
  back 
  from 
  the 
  actual 
  coast 
  line. 
  On 
  the 
  

   Coast, 
  then, 
  each 
  valley 
  tended 
  to 
  be 
  an 
  independent 
  cultural 
  unit, 
  

   since 
  each 
  is 
  separated 
  from 
  the 
  next 
  valley 
  not 
  only 
  by 
  an 
  average 
  of 
  

   about 
  25 
  miles 
  (40 
  km.) 
  of 
  barren 
  desert, 
  but 
  also 
  by 
  mountain 
  spurs 
  

   which 
  run 
  into 
  the 
  Pacific. 
  Archeologically, 
  each 
  major 
  valley 
  did 
  

   have 
  an 
  independent 
  history, 
  but 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  adjacent 
  valleys 
  

   influenced 
  each 
  other 
  and 
  were 
  frequently 
  united 
  in 
  a 
  single 
  political 
  

   system. 
  

  

  The 
  identification 
  of 
  the 
  tribes 
  which 
  inhabited 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  Coast 
  

   is 
  most 
  unsatisfactory. 
  (See 
  map 
  3, 
  and 
  p. 
  191, 
  this 
  volume.) 
  The 
  

   Inca 
  applied 
  the 
  name 
  Yungas 
  to 
  the 
  whole 
  Coastal 
  region, 
  and 
  but 
  

   few 
  records 
  of 
  any 
  specific 
  subdivisions 
  have 
  survived. 
  Kowe 
  (this 
  

   volume, 
  p. 
  191) 
  gives 
  a 
  list 
  of 
  the 
  major 
  valleys 
  and 
  where 
  possible 
  

   the 
  names 
  of 
  the 
  tribes 
  in 
  each. 
  Tello 
  (1942) 
  lists 
  the 
  principal 
  tribes 
  

   and 
  their 
  locations 
  as 
  follows: 
  The 
  Chimu 
  occupied 
  the 
  valleys 
  from 
  

   Tumbes 
  to 
  Pativilca. 
  Within 
  this 
  area 
  he 
  locates 
  the 
  Tumbez 
  (Tum- 
  

   piz) 
  in 
  Tumbes 
  Valley; 
  the 
  Talldn 
  in 
  the 
  Chira 
  and 
  Piura 
  Valleys; 
  

   the 
  Chimu 
  in 
  the 
  Leche, 
  Lambayeque, 
  Sana, 
  and 
  Jequetepeque 
  Val- 
  

   leys; 
  the 
  Muchik 
  in 
  the 
  Chicama 
  and 
  Viru 
  Valleys; 
  and 
  the 
  Wayla- 
  

   Yunga 
  (Huayla) 
  in 
  the 
  Santa, 
  Nepena, 
  Casma, 
  Huarmey, 
  Paramonga, 
  

   and 
  Pativilca 
  Valleys. 
  The 
  Yauyo 
  occupied 
  the 
  central 
  Coast 
  in 
  the 
  

   Huaura, 
  Pacasmayo 
  (Chancay), 
  Rimac, 
  Lurin, 
  Mala, 
  and 
  Huarco 
  

   Valleys. 
  The 
  Chukurpu 
  (Chocorvo) 
  were 
  in 
  the 
  Chincha, 
  Pisco, 
  and 
  

   lea 
  Valleys, 
  and 
  the 
  Rucana 
  occupied 
  the 
  Nazca 
  Valley. 
  Farther 
  

   south, 
  specific 
  tribal 
  designations 
  are 
  missing, 
  but 
  the 
  name 
  Chango, 
  

   referring 
  generally 
  to 
  fishing 
  populations, 
  is 
  applied. 
  (See 
  Bird, 
  this 
  

   volume, 
  p. 
  595.) 
  

  

  About 
  two-thirds 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  is 
  in 
  the 
  eastern 
  lowlands 
  and 
  one- 
  

   third 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  Mountains. 
  The 
  northern 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  eastern 
  

   plains 
  is 
  in 
  the 
  Amazon 
  River 
  drainage 
  and 
  characterized 
  by 
  a 
  Tropical 
  

   Forest 
  environment 
  and 
  culture 
  pattern. 
  The 
  southern 
  part 
  lies 
  in 
  

   the 
  Rio 
  Paraguay 
  drainage, 
  in 
  the 
  dry 
  grassland 
  and 
  bushland 
  country 
  

   known 
  as 
  the 
  Gran 
  Chaco. 
  There 
  are 
  some 
  records 
  of 
  Inca 
  hunting 
  

   parties 
  entering 
  the 
  Chaco, 
  bub 
  neither 
  this 
  area 
  nor 
  the 
  tropical 
  lands 
  

   to 
  the 
  north 
  were 
  occupied 
  with 
  any 
  effectiveness 
  by 
  the 
  Andean 
  

   people. 
  

  

  The 
  western 
  border 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  is 
  flanked 
  by 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  Occi- 
  

   dental, 
  in 
  part 
  a 
  continuation 
  of 
  the 
  volcano 
  belt 
  of 
  southern 
  Peru. 
  

   Only 
  a 
  few 
  rivers 
  originate 
  in 
  this 
  Cordillera 
  and 
  flow 
  westward 
  to 
  the 
  

   Pacific, 
  and 
  intermont 
  basins 
  are 
  rare. 
  The 
  rugged 
  mountains 
  and 
  an 
  

   excessively 
  dry 
  climate 
  discourage 
  occupation 
  by 
  agriculturalists. 
  

  

  