﻿18 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  where 
  throughout 
  these 
  mountains 
  are 
  numerous 
  secondary 
  popu- 
  

   lation 
  clusters. 
  These 
  are 
  only 
  a 
  few 
  names 
  of 
  the 
  tribes 
  which 
  oc- 
  

   cupied 
  these 
  centers 
  in 
  pre-Jnca 
  times, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  Cochapampa 
  and 
  

   the 
  Yampara 
  (in 
  Sucre). 
  Today 
  the 
  region 
  is 
  dominated 
  by 
  Quechua- 
  

   speaking 
  Indians. 
  

  

  From 
  a 
  geographical 
  point 
  of 
  view, 
  the 
  large 
  basins 
  of 
  the 
  Eastern 
  

   Cordillera 
  would 
  seem 
  ideal 
  for 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  a 
  high 
  civilization 
  based 
  

   on 
  the 
  Andean 
  pattern. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  that 
  the 
  region 
  was 
  rather 
  

   intensively 
  occupied 
  in 
  pre-Inca 
  and 
  Inca 
  times. 
  Archeological 
  

   studies, 
  although 
  incomplete, 
  confirm 
  the 
  importance 
  of 
  each 
  major 
  

   basin. 
  However, 
  there 
  is 
  virtually 
  no 
  evidence 
  of 
  large 
  cities, 
  great 
  

   public 
  works, 
  or 
  outstanding 
  building 
  units. 
  Inca 
  remains 
  consist 
  

   mainly 
  of 
  forts 
  or 
  fortified 
  towns 
  located 
  strategically 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   area. 
  Pr 
  e-Inca 
  remains 
  include 
  well-made 
  ceramics, 
  metal 
  work, 
  

   indirect 
  evidence 
  of 
  advanced 
  weaving, 
  and 
  well-prepared 
  graves, 
  bat 
  

   in 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  much 
  of 
  this 
  material 
  is 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  High- 
  

   land 
  Tiahuanaco 
  center 
  in 
  the 
  altiplano, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  associated 
  dressed- 
  

   stone 
  masonry 
  or 
  significant 
  stone 
  carving. 
  

  

  A 
  final 
  region 
  of 
  Bolivia, 
  the 
  Yungas, 
  has 
  been 
  important, 
  both 
  in 
  

   the 
  past 
  and 
  present, 
  for 
  the 
  growing 
  of 
  coca. 
  The 
  Yungas 
  lies 
  on 
  the 
  

   Amazonian 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera 
  in 
  the 
  Montana, 
  where 
  

   there 
  is 
  great 
  variation 
  of 
  climatic 
  and 
  vegetation 
  zones. 
  In 
  spite 
  

   of 
  many 
  potential 
  developments, 
  gold 
  and 
  coca 
  are 
  still 
  of 
  leading 
  

   importance 
  in 
  the 
  area, 
  although 
  it 
  has 
  never 
  been 
  a 
  center 
  of 
  concen- 
  

   trated 
  population. 
  The 
  tribes 
  of 
  this 
  area 
  will 
  be 
  described 
  in 
  the 
  

   Handbook, 
  volume 
  3. 
  

  

  Four 
  centuries 
  of 
  European 
  contact 
  have 
  done 
  little 
  to 
  change 
  the 
  

   centers 
  of 
  population 
  concentration 
  in 
  Peru. 
  In 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  the 
  

   introduction 
  of 
  barley, 
  wheat, 
  goats, 
  and 
  sheep 
  added 
  some 
  variety 
  

   in 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  land, 
  but 
  did 
  not 
  materially 
  change 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  land 
  

   previously 
  utilized 
  nor 
  create 
  new 
  centers. 
  Large-scale 
  mining 
  oper- 
  

   ations 
  have 
  formed 
  new 
  population 
  clusters, 
  particularly 
  in 
  the 
  area 
  

   just 
  south 
  of 
  Cajamarca 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  central 
  mountains 
  behind 
  Lima. 
  

   However, 
  the 
  mining 
  towns 
  have 
  been 
  added 
  without 
  displacing 
  the 
  

   older 
  population 
  centers. 
  In 
  the 
  Coastal 
  valleys, 
  commercial 
  crops, 
  

   such 
  as 
  sugarcane, 
  rice, 
  and 
  cotton, 
  have 
  replaced 
  the 
  earlier 
  types 
  of 
  

   land 
  usage, 
  but 
  such 
  change 
  has, 
  if 
  anything, 
  reduced 
  rather 
  than 
  in- 
  

   creased 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  land 
  under 
  cultivation. 
  The 
  growth 
  of 
  industry 
  

   has 
  enlarged 
  urban 
  centers 
  like 
  Arequipa 
  and 
  Lima. 
  

  

  Although 
  population 
  centers 
  have 
  changed 
  but 
  little, 
  the 
  Indians 
  

   have 
  been 
  displaced 
  in 
  many 
  areas. 
  The 
  major 
  displacement 
  has 
  oc- 
  

   curred 
  on 
  the 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peril. 
  This 
  can 
  be 
  explained 
  in 
  part 
  in 
  terms 
  

   of 
  transportation. 
  Water 
  transportation 
  was 
  poorly 
  developed 
  by 
  

  

  