﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  19 
  

  

  the 
  Indians, 
  even 
  by 
  those 
  living 
  along 
  the 
  Coast. 
  Consequently, 
  

   geographical 
  unity 
  was 
  determined 
  by 
  land 
  transportation 
  facilities. 
  

   The 
  principal 
  roads 
  ran 
  north 
  to 
  south, 
  both 
  along 
  the 
  Coast 
  and 
  in 
  

   the 
  Highlands. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  emphasized 
  water 
  transportation, 
  

   essential 
  in 
  a 
  colony 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  mother 
  country 
  by 
  trade. 
  The 
  

   north-to-south 
  roads 
  were 
  neglected, 
  since 
  the 
  Coastal 
  valleys 
  were 
  

   now 
  united 
  by 
  shipping, 
  and 
  the 
  problem 
  in 
  the 
  mountains 
  was 
  that 
  

   of 
  transporting 
  produce 
  to 
  the 
  nearest 
  port. 
  In 
  the 
  Indian 
  economy, 
  

   the 
  mountains 
  were 
  not 
  isolated 
  regions, 
  but 
  from 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Con- 
  

   quest 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  present, 
  they 
  have 
  become 
  more 
  and 
  more 
  so. 
  His- 
  

   torically, 
  the 
  west 
  Coast 
  has 
  become 
  the 
  major 
  region 
  of 
  European 
  

   settlement 
  and 
  economy. 
  At 
  the 
  present 
  time, 
  the 
  Indian 
  cultures 
  

   and 
  languages 
  have 
  almost 
  completely 
  disappeared 
  in 
  the 
  Coastal 
  

   valleys 
  of 
  Peru. 
  The 
  Indians 
  have 
  either 
  withdrawn 
  to 
  the 
  moun- 
  

   tains 
  or 
  have 
  been 
  absorbed 
  in 
  the 
  growing 
  Mestizo 
  population. 
  In 
  

   the 
  mountains, 
  however, 
  the 
  Indians 
  are 
  still 
  dominant, 
  forming 
  in 
  

   many 
  districts 
  up 
  to 
  80 
  percent 
  of 
  the 
  total 
  population 
  and 
  retaining 
  

   their 
  language 
  and 
  much 
  of 
  their 
  old 
  culture. 
  

  

  Western 
  civilization 
  has 
  caused 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  changes 
  in 
  the 
  Bolivian 
  

   habitation 
  pattern, 
  although 
  not 
  to 
  the 
  extent 
  of 
  seriously 
  displacing 
  

   the 
  Indian 
  population. 
  Important 
  mining 
  communities 
  are 
  now 
  

   located 
  in 
  many 
  parts 
  of 
  both 
  the 
  Eastern 
  and 
  Western 
  Cordilleras. 
  

   Towns 
  like 
  Potosi 
  are 
  based 
  almost 
  exclusively 
  on 
  mining, 
  and 
  the 
  

   famous 
  tin 
  mines 
  of 
  Uncia 
  concentrate 
  population 
  in 
  a 
  region 
  which 
  

   could 
  not 
  otherwise 
  support 
  it. 
  In 
  the 
  Titicaca 
  Basin, 
  the 
  Aymara 
  

   Indians 
  continue 
  their 
  old 
  cultural 
  traditions 
  with 
  little 
  change, 
  but 
  

   in 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera, 
  European 
  penetration 
  has 
  been 
  greater. 
  

   The 
  large 
  basins 
  were 
  ideal 
  for 
  planting 
  barley 
  and 
  alfalfa, 
  and 
  

   for 
  cattle 
  grazing. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  Indians 
  of 
  this 
  area 
  have 
  become 
  

   westernized 
  in 
  the 
  sense 
  of 
  adopting 
  the 
  Spanish 
  language 
  and 
  re- 
  

   linquishing 
  their 
  communally 
  held 
  land 
  to 
  become 
  tenants 
  and 
  peon 
  

   workers 
  on 
  farms. 
  

  

  CULTURAL 
  TRENDS 
  

  

  Descriptive 
  resumes 
  of 
  the 
  cultures 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  region 
  

   at 
  different 
  time 
  periods 
  are 
  presented 
  in 
  various 
  articles 
  in 
  the 
  Hand- 
  

   book. 
  The 
  purpose 
  of 
  this 
  analysis 
  is 
  to 
  trace, 
  insofar 
  as 
  possible, 
  

   the 
  antiquity 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  major 
  features 
  of 
  the 
  pattern, 
  the 
  changes 
  

   which 
  occurred 
  in 
  them 
  throughout 
  the 
  historical 
  Colonial 
  Periods, 
  

   and 
  their 
  survival, 
  modification, 
  or 
  disappearance 
  in 
  the 
  present. 
  

   For 
  this 
  purpose, 
  the 
  total 
  known 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  

   region 
  can 
  be 
  considered 
  in 
  the 
  framework 
  of 
  a 
  dozen 
  time 
  periods, 
  by 
  

   combining 
  the 
  archeological 
  and 
  recorded 
  historical 
  evidence. 
  

  

  