﻿20 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Time 
  Periods 
  of 
  Central 
  Andean 
  region 
  1 
  

  

  12. 
  Modern 
  Period 
  (Quechua, 
  Aymara, 
  Uru). 
  

   11. 
  Middle 
  Republican 
  Period 
  (ca. 
  1884- 
  ). 
  

   10. 
  Early 
  Republican 
  Period 
  (ca. 
  1821- 
  ). 
  

  

  9. 
  Late 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  (ca. 
  1750- 
  ). 
  

  

  8. 
  Mature 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  (ca. 
  1650- 
  ). 
  

  

  7. 
  Early 
  Colonial 
  Period 
  (ca. 
  1572- 
  ). 
  

  

  6. 
  Conquest 
  Period 
  (ca. 
  1532- 
  ). 
  

  

  5. 
  Inca 
  Periods 
  (ca. 
  1400- 
  ) 
  . 
  

  

  4. 
  Late 
  Periods 
  (ca. 
  1200- 
  ). 
  

  

  3. 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Middle 
  Periods 
  (ca. 
  900- 
  ). 
  

  

  2. 
  Early 
  Periods 
  (ca. 
  600- 
  ). 
  

  

  1. 
  Chavfn 
  Periods 
  (ca. 
  300- 
  ). 
  

  

  » 
  The 
  historical 
  divisions 
  and 
  dates 
  are 
  explained 
  and 
  elaborated 
  by 
  Kubler 
  (see 
  this 
  volume, 
  pp. 
  340- 
  

   354). 
  The 
  archeological 
  divisions 
  follow 
  the 
  article 
  by 
  Bennett 
  (see 
  this 
  volume, 
  p. 
  74). 
  The 
  archeolog- 
  

   ical 
  dates 
  must 
  be 
  considered 
  as 
  only 
  gross 
  approximations. 
  

  

  Unfortunately, 
  information 
  is 
  not 
  yet 
  available 
  to 
  allow 
  a 
  detailed 
  

   study 
  of 
  trends 
  throughout 
  all 
  the 
  12 
  divisions. 
  In 
  considering 
  

   antiquity, 
  the 
  standard 
  archeological 
  limitations 
  are 
  encountered. 
  

   On 
  the 
  dry 
  Coast, 
  preservation 
  is 
  excellent 
  and 
  many 
  details 
  of 
  the 
  

   cultures 
  are 
  known. 
  In 
  other 
  areas, 
  the 
  rains 
  have 
  destroyed 
  all 
  

   perishable 
  objects. 
  Some 
  art 
  styles, 
  like 
  that 
  of 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  on 
  

   the 
  North 
  Coast, 
  emphasize 
  cultural 
  details 
  in 
  the 
  pictorial 
  and 
  

   modeled 
  designs. 
  In 
  other 
  periods 
  the 
  designs 
  reveal 
  little 
  of 
  the 
  life 
  

   of 
  the 
  time. 
  In 
  some 
  regions, 
  much 
  archeological 
  work 
  has 
  been 
  done, 
  

   and 
  in 
  others, 
  practically 
  none. 
  Since 
  archeological 
  interpretations 
  of 
  

   social 
  culture 
  are 
  at 
  best 
  hazardous, 
  the 
  emphasis 
  has 
  been 
  placed 
  on 
  

   material 
  aspects 
  of 
  culture. 
  

  

  Information 
  about 
  the 
  Inca 
  culture 
  and 
  later 
  Indian 
  history 
  is 
  

   likewise 
  uneven. 
  On 
  some 
  aspects, 
  information 
  is 
  detailed; 
  on 
  others, 
  

   completely 
  absent. 
  Even 
  studies 
  of 
  the 
  contemporary 
  Indians 
  are 
  

   few 
  in 
  number. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  culture 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  is 
  a 
  convenient 
  pivotal 
  

   point 
  for 
  examining 
  the 
  trends. 
  Inca 
  culture 
  marks 
  the 
  culmination 
  

   of 
  the 
  archeological 
  sequences. 
  Following 
  the 
  Conquest, 
  the 
  problem 
  

   becomes 
  one 
  of 
  acculturation. 
  Consequently, 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  analy- 
  

   sis 
  features 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  pattern 
  are 
  considered 
  first 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  their 
  

   antiquity 
  in 
  archeological 
  time, 
  then 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  modifications 
  and 
  

   changes 
  during 
  the 
  historical 
  periods, 
  and, 
  finally, 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  their 
  

   survival 
  among 
  the 
  contemporary 
  Indians. 
  

  

  SUBSISTENCE 
  ACTIVITIES 
  

  

  Inca 
  civilization, 
  like 
  the 
  Highland 
  pattern 
  elsewhere, 
  was 
  based 
  on 
  

   intensive 
  agriculture. 
  Practically 
  all 
  of 
  the 
  plants 
  cultivated 
  by 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest 
  had 
  long 
  been 
  known. 
  In 
  the 
  Early 
  

   Periods 
  there 
  is 
  convincing 
  evidence 
  of 
  maize, 
  squash, 
  beans, 
  cotton, 
  

  

  