﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  21 
  

  

  sweet 
  potatoes, 
  peppers, 
  peanuts, 
  manioc, 
  coca, 
  quinoa, 
  canahua, 
  : 
  po- 
  

   tatoes, 
  oca, 
  achira, 
  mashua, 
  ulluco, 
  jiquima, 
  yac6n, 
  and 
  lupines. 
  

   Likewise, 
  many 
  domesticated 
  fruits 
  were 
  known 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods, 
  

   such 
  as 
  pepino, 
  pacae, 
  lucuma, 
  tuna, 
  algarrobo, 
  chirimoya, 
  guandbana, 
  

   tumbo, 
  papaya, 
  pineapple, 
  palta, 
  and 
  melons. 
  In 
  other 
  words, 
  basic 
  

   plants 
  and 
  fruits 
  were 
  known 
  at 
  an 
  early 
  date, 
  and 
  throughout 
  the 
  

   archeological 
  history 
  no 
  significant 
  new 
  plants 
  or 
  fruits 
  were 
  added. 
  

   To 
  be 
  sure, 
  planting 
  depended 
  on 
  the 
  local 
  environment, 
  since 
  many 
  

   parts 
  of 
  the 
  Andes 
  although 
  too 
  high 
  for 
  maize 
  were 
  still 
  suitable 
  for 
  

   potatoes, 
  oca, 
  and 
  quinoa. 
  

  

  Agricultural 
  techniques 
  seem 
  equally 
  ancient. 
  Irrigation 
  was 
  

   common 
  on 
  the 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peru 
  by 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods. 
  Terraces 
  for 
  

   soil 
  conservation 
  can 
  be 
  identified 
  with 
  the 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Periods 
  in 
  

   Bolivia, 
  and 
  a 
  knowledge 
  of 
  fertilizers, 
  crop 
  rotation, 
  and 
  letting 
  

   land 
  he 
  fallow 
  is 
  probably 
  old, 
  although 
  this 
  is 
  hard 
  to 
  demonstrate 
  

   archeologically. 
  Cultivation 
  with 
  a 
  digging 
  stick 
  and 
  a 
  hoe 
  oc- 
  

   curred 
  throughout. 
  In 
  the 
  Late 
  Periods 
  digging 
  sticks 
  were 
  pro- 
  

   vided 
  with 
  cast-metal 
  points, 
  and 
  the 
  classic 
  Inca 
  taclla, 
  a 
  digging 
  stick 
  

   with 
  footrest 
  and 
  handle, 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  invented 
  by 
  then. 
  

  

  Cooperative 
  labor 
  was 
  a 
  typical 
  feature 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  system. 
  Many 
  

   individuals 
  worked 
  together 
  on 
  the 
  state 
  and 
  church 
  lands 
  as 
  well 
  

   as 
  on 
  public 
  works. 
  Agricultural 
  labor 
  on 
  the 
  individual 
  plots 
  was 
  also 
  

   cooperative 
  through 
  the 
  system 
  of 
  aine, 
  that 
  is, 
  the 
  borrowing 
  of 
  labor 
  

   with 
  the 
  fixed 
  obligation 
  to 
  return 
  an 
  equivalent 
  amount. 
  In 
  all 
  

   probability, 
  cooperative 
  labor 
  is 
  an 
  ancient 
  custom. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Inca 
  Periods 
  agricultural 
  practices 
  were 
  closely 
  associated 
  

   with 
  such 
  religious 
  activities 
  as 
  curing 
  the 
  fields, 
  basing 
  ceremonies 
  

   on 
  the 
  agricultural 
  cycle, 
  and 
  symbolic 
  worship 
  of 
  food. 
  In 
  Mochica 
  

   archeology 
  of 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods, 
  there 
  is 
  also 
  evidence 
  of 
  similar 
  re- 
  

   ligious 
  association: 
  anthropomorphized 
  plants, 
  pictures 
  of 
  plants 
  being 
  

   worshiped 
  or 
  carried 
  by 
  gods, 
  and 
  food 
  placed 
  in 
  graves. 
  

  

  The 
  preservation 
  and 
  storing 
  of 
  food 
  was 
  important 
  to 
  the 
  Inca. 
  

   Some 
  foods 
  were 
  dried, 
  others 
  were 
  frozen. 
  These 
  techniques 
  are 
  

   probably 
  old 
  although 
  this 
  is 
  difficult 
  to 
  prove. 
  At 
  least, 
  storage 
  

   bins 
  containing 
  quinoa 
  and 
  canahua 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  

   Chiripa 
  Period. 
  Finally, 
  there 
  is 
  some 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  antiquity 
  of 
  

   the 
  standard 
  dishes 
  made 
  from 
  maize, 
  potatoes, 
  meat, 
  and 
  the 
  like. 
  

  

  The 
  chewing 
  of 
  coca 
  with 
  lime 
  was 
  practiced 
  by 
  the 
  Early 
  Period 
  

   people, 
  who 
  probably 
  made 
  the 
  maize 
  beer, 
  chicha, 
  too. 
  The 
  Inca 
  

   made 
  little 
  use 
  of 
  tobacco, 
  except 
  as 
  a 
  medicine, 
  and 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  

   archeological 
  evidence, 
  such 
  as 
  pipes, 
  that 
  smoking 
  tobacco 
  was 
  ever 
  

   a 
  custom. 
  However, 
  in 
  the 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Period 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  as 
  well 
  

   as 
  in 
  the 
  Atacameno 
  of 
  North 
  Chile 
  and 
  Northwest 
  Argentina, 
  carved 
  

   tablets 
  and 
  tubes 
  are 
  found 
  which 
  were 
  used 
  for 
  tobacco 
  or 
  parica 
  

   snuff. 
  

  

  