﻿22 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  Llamas 
  and 
  alpacas 
  were 
  important 
  domesticated 
  animals 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  

   Early 
  Periods, 
  and 
  were 
  known 
  in 
  the 
  Chavin 
  Periods. 
  These 
  animals 
  

   were 
  always 
  an 
  important 
  addition 
  to 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  cultures, 
  be- 
  

   cause 
  of 
  their 
  usefulness 
  for 
  wool, 
  meat, 
  transportation, 
  hides, 
  ferti- 
  

   lizer, 
  fuel, 
  sinews, 
  and 
  bones. 
  Furthermore, 
  both 
  animals 
  graze 
  in 
  

   the 
  high 
  punas, 
  thus 
  allowing 
  large 
  stretches 
  of 
  territory 
  to 
  be 
  

   profitably 
  utilized 
  which 
  were 
  unsuitable 
  for 
  agriculture. 
  The 
  dog 
  

   and 
  the 
  guinea 
  pig 
  are 
  other 
  domesticated 
  animals 
  known 
  in 
  the 
  

   Early 
  Periods. 
  

  

  Hunting 
  was 
  secondary 
  to 
  agriculture 
  and 
  herding 
  in 
  the 
  subsist- 
  

   ence 
  pattern. 
  In 
  the 
  Inca 
  Periods, 
  group 
  round-ups 
  at 
  certain 
  times 
  

   of 
  the 
  year 
  were 
  as 
  much 
  a 
  sport 
  for 
  the 
  Inca 
  caste 
  as 
  a 
  source 
  of 
  meat 
  

   supply. 
  The 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  Period 
  ceramics, 
  however, 
  show 
  quite 
  

   a 
  number 
  of 
  hunting 
  scenes, 
  so 
  that 
  it 
  may 
  once 
  have 
  been 
  more 
  im- 
  

   portant. 
  These 
  scenes 
  illustrate 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  nets 
  for 
  surrounds, 
  hunting 
  

   with 
  dogs, 
  and, 
  less 
  certainly, 
  the 
  practice 
  of 
  tracking 
  and 
  running 
  

   down 
  deer 
  on 
  foot. 
  

  

  Along 
  the 
  Coast 
  and 
  around 
  Lake 
  Titicaca, 
  fishing 
  was 
  impor- 
  

   tant. 
  There 
  are 
  large 
  shell 
  heaps 
  along 
  the 
  Coast, 
  some 
  dating 
  from 
  

   the 
  Chavin 
  Periods, 
  others 
  undated. 
  Fish 
  and 
  other 
  forms 
  of 
  marine 
  

   life 
  are 
  prominent 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  and 
  Nazca 
  designs, 
  and 
  the 
  

   small 
  fish 
  of 
  Lake 
  Titicaca 
  are 
  frequently 
  depicted 
  on 
  Tiahuanaco 
  

   stone 
  carving. 
  Fishing 
  with 
  hook 
  and 
  line 
  was 
  common 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  

   Periods. 
  Both 
  hunting 
  and 
  fishing 
  were 
  important 
  in 
  the 
  Coast 
  

   Chavin 
  Periods. 
  

  

  Although 
  wild 
  plants, 
  fruits, 
  and 
  seeds 
  may 
  have 
  been 
  of 
  consider- 
  

   able 
  importance 
  at 
  one 
  time, 
  the 
  domestication 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  wide 
  

   variety 
  of 
  fruits 
  and 
  plants 
  reduced 
  collecting 
  and 
  gathering 
  to 
  sec- 
  

   ondary 
  subsistence 
  importance 
  in 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  pattern. 
  

  

  The 
  Europeans 
  affected 
  the 
  Indian 
  subsistence 
  pattern 
  by 
  the 
  

   introduction 
  of 
  new 
  plants, 
  new 
  fruits, 
  new 
  domesticated 
  animals, 
  

   and 
  new 
  agricultural 
  techniques. 
  The 
  most 
  important 
  new 
  plants 
  

   were 
  wheat, 
  oats, 
  barley, 
  rice, 
  and 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  garden 
  crops. 
  Oranges, 
  

   grapes, 
  and 
  bananas 
  were 
  important 
  new 
  fruits. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  animals 
  

   were 
  cattle, 
  horses, 
  goats, 
  sheep, 
  burros, 
  and 
  pigs. 
  The 
  ox-drawn 
  

   wooden 
  plow 
  was 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  new 
  technique. 
  These 
  intro- 
  

   ductions 
  changed 
  but 
  did 
  not 
  eliminate 
  or 
  destroy 
  the 
  indigenous 
  

   subsistence 
  pattern. 
  Indians 
  were 
  obliged 
  to 
  accept 
  European 
  plants 
  

   and 
  animals 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  pay 
  tribute 
  in 
  kind. 
  However, 
  many 
  Indians 
  

   kept 
  these 
  tribute 
  activities 
  distinct 
  from 
  their 
  own 
  consumption 
  needs. 
  

   Other 
  immediate 
  consequences 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest 
  threatened 
  

   to 
  be 
  more 
  serious. 
  The 
  irrigation 
  systems 
  were 
  neglected, 
  and 
  the 
  

   public 
  granaries 
  maintained 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  were 
  no 
  longer 
  supported. 
  

   Much 
  of 
  the 
  agricultural 
  population 
  was 
  shifted 
  for 
  work 
  in 
  the 
  mines 
  

   or 
  elsewhere. 
  Attempts 
  were 
  made 
  to 
  centralize 
  the 
  Indians 
  in 
  urban 
  

  

  