﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  23 
  

  

  centers, 
  thus 
  moving 
  them 
  far 
  from 
  their 
  farm 
  lands. 
  In 
  order 
  to 
  

   avoid 
  the 
  tribute 
  taxes, 
  many 
  Indians 
  deserted 
  their 
  traditional 
  land 
  

   to 
  join 
  the 
  servant 
  or 
  hired-worker 
  class. 
  Towns 
  were 
  built 
  on 
  land 
  

   which 
  formerly 
  had 
  been 
  used 
  for 
  planting, 
  and 
  large 
  herds 
  of 
  Euro- 
  

   pean 
  animals 
  were 
  allowed 
  to 
  pasture 
  on 
  land 
  suitable 
  for 
  cultivation. 
  

   Llamas 
  and 
  alpacas 
  were 
  wantonly 
  destroyed. 
  Ultimately, 
  much 
  

   land 
  which 
  had 
  previously 
  been 
  used 
  for 
  subsistence 
  crops 
  was 
  shifted 
  

   to 
  commercial 
  crops. 
  

  

  The 
  Indians 
  who 
  still 
  occupy 
  the 
  Highland 
  region 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  

   Bolivia 
  today 
  maintain 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  subsistence 
  pattern. 
  Most 
  of 
  

   the 
  old 
  Highland 
  plants 
  are 
  still 
  cultivated, 
  although 
  oats 
  and 
  barley 
  

   are 
  common 
  additions. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  plants 
  introduced 
  by 
  the 
  

   Spaniards 
  were 
  not 
  very 
  adaptable 
  to 
  high-altitude 
  farming. 
  The 
  

   ox-drawn 
  plow 
  is 
  in 
  common 
  use 
  on 
  flat 
  terrain, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  still 
  no 
  

   substitute 
  for 
  the 
  Indian 
  digging 
  stick 
  and 
  hoe 
  for 
  the 
  more 
  rugged 
  

   country. 
  Preservation 
  of 
  food 
  by 
  drying 
  and 
  freezing, 
  and 
  the 
  stand- 
  

   ard 
  dishes 
  prepared 
  are 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  pattern. 
  The 
  Indians 
  have 
  

   accepted 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  European 
  animals, 
  but 
  the 
  llama 
  and 
  the 
  alpaca 
  

   are 
  still 
  their 
  favorites. 
  In 
  spite 
  of 
  systematic 
  attempts 
  to 
  eliminate 
  

   them, 
  old 
  religious 
  concepts 
  still 
  accompany 
  Indian 
  agricultural 
  

   practices. 
  The 
  fields 
  are 
  cured 
  ceremonially 
  and 
  charms 
  are 
  planted 
  

   in 
  the 
  corners 
  of 
  the 
  fields 
  to 
  secure 
  better 
  crops. 
  The 
  aine 
  system 
  of 
  

   labor 
  exchange 
  is 
  still 
  common 
  practice, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  larger-scale 
  co- 
  

   operative 
  labor 
  on 
  public 
  work 
  projects. 
  

  

  WEAPONS 
  AND 
  WAKFAKE 
  

  

  The 
  success 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquest 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  region 
  was 
  

   due 
  to 
  superiority 
  of 
  military 
  organization 
  and 
  tactics 
  rather 
  than 
  

   superiority 
  of 
  weapons, 
  since 
  the 
  principal 
  weapons 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  Period 
  

   were 
  in 
  common 
  use 
  throughout 
  the 
  major 
  archeological 
  periods. 
  

   Spear 
  throwers 
  and 
  darts, 
  wooden 
  spears, 
  clubs 
  with 
  stone 
  or 
  metal 
  

   heads, 
  bronze 
  battle-axes, 
  and 
  slings 
  date 
  back 
  at 
  least 
  to 
  the 
  Early 
  

   Periods. 
  Inca 
  swordlike 
  wooden 
  clubs 
  and 
  short 
  wooden 
  daggers 
  go 
  

   back 
  to 
  the 
  Middle 
  Periods. 
  The 
  Inca 
  protective 
  devices, 
  such 
  as 
  

   square 
  or 
  round 
  wooden 
  shields, 
  padded 
  shirt 
  armor, 
  and 
  padded 
  

   helmets 
  of 
  cloth 
  or 
  wood, 
  are 
  likewise 
  depicted 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  

   ceramic 
  designs. 
  Although 
  the 
  Inca 
  made 
  occasional 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  bow 
  

   and 
  arrow, 
  it 
  was 
  not 
  a 
  common 
  weapon. 
  In 
  the 
  pre-Inca 
  periods 
  

   there 
  is 
  no 
  evidence 
  that 
  the 
  bow 
  and 
  arrow 
  was 
  ever 
  important 
  in 
  

   this 
  area, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  it 
  would 
  seem 
  like 
  a 
  superior 
  weapon 
  

   for 
  such 
  open 
  country. 
  Some 
  periods 
  had 
  weapons 
  not 
  used 
  through- 
  

   out 
  the 
  history, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  wooden 
  club 
  with 
  an 
  enlarged 
  head, 
  

   slightly 
  pointed 
  at 
  the 
  end, 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Mochicas, 
  but 
  these 
  are 
  minor 
  

   in 
  importance. 
  

  

  