﻿24 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  made 
  occasional 
  use 
  of 
  the 
  bola 
  for 
  hunting 
  and 
  probably 
  

   acquired 
  this 
  from 
  their 
  contacts 
  with 
  the 
  plains 
  tribes 
  of 
  Argentina. 
  

   Archeologically, 
  the 
  bola 
  also 
  occurs 
  in 
  the 
  aberrant 
  Early 
  Chiripa 
  

   Period 
  in 
  Bolivia 
  but 
  is 
  not 
  found 
  elsewhere. 
  The 
  Inca 
  are 
  also 
  de- 
  

   scribed 
  as 
  using 
  a 
  blowgun 
  for 
  shooting 
  birds, 
  but 
  this 
  weapon 
  is 
  not 
  

   typical 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  Andes. 
  Some 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  vessels, 
  however, 
  

   depict 
  hunters 
  shooting 
  birds 
  with 
  a 
  weapon 
  resembling 
  a 
  blowgun. 
  

  

  Specialized 
  groups 
  of 
  warriors 
  are 
  depicted 
  on 
  Early 
  Period 
  ceramics, 
  

   and 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  modeled 
  vessels 
  probably 
  represent 
  

   war 
  chiefs. 
  In 
  the 
  Inca 
  Periods, 
  the 
  army 
  was 
  led 
  by 
  professionals 
  and 
  

   the 
  drafting 
  of 
  all 
  able-bodied 
  men 
  was 
  common. 
  Fortifications 
  are 
  

   prominent 
  throughout 
  the 
  archeological 
  history, 
  although 
  more 
  

   clearly 
  identified 
  from 
  the 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Middle 
  Periods 
  onward. 
  Wide- 
  

   scale 
  conquests 
  were 
  undertaken 
  before 
  the 
  Inca, 
  as 
  illustrated 
  by 
  the 
  

   expanse 
  of 
  the 
  Chimu 
  confederacy 
  in 
  the 
  Late 
  Periods. 
  Previous 
  to 
  

   this, 
  warfare 
  seems 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  more 
  of 
  a 
  local 
  affair 
  in 
  the 
  different 
  

   geographical 
  subdivisions. 
  Much 
  of 
  the 
  conflict 
  was 
  a 
  type 
  of 
  hand- 
  

   to-hand, 
  individual 
  fighting. 
  It 
  was 
  the 
  Inca 
  who 
  originated 
  mass 
  

   armies 
  and 
  mass 
  attack. 
  

  

  Trophy 
  heads 
  are 
  represented 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  of 
  Mochica, 
  

   Tiahuanaco, 
  and 
  Nazca. 
  Although 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  specimens 
  have 
  been 
  

   preserved, 
  none 
  is 
  of 
  the 
  shrunken-head 
  type 
  so 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  

   Jivaro 
  Indians. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  military 
  expansion 
  was 
  most 
  successful 
  against 
  peoples 
  of 
  

   about 
  the 
  same 
  cultural 
  achievement, 
  and 
  in 
  territory 
  similar 
  to 
  their 
  

   own. 
  They 
  were 
  less 
  successful 
  against 
  the 
  tribes 
  of 
  the 
  tropical 
  

   Amazon, 
  the 
  open 
  plains, 
  and 
  the 
  Chilean 
  rain 
  forests, 
  all 
  of 
  whom 
  

   used 
  different 
  methods 
  of 
  fighting 
  and 
  different 
  weapons. 
  The 
  Inca, 
  

   however, 
  were 
  able 
  to 
  hold 
  their 
  own 
  territory 
  against 
  other 
  Indian 
  

   groups. 
  

  

  The 
  Spanish 
  Conquest 
  was 
  made 
  possible 
  in 
  part 
  by 
  superior 
  

   weapons. 
  Although 
  defending 
  their 
  own 
  territory, 
  the 
  Inca 
  were 
  

   unable 
  to 
  compete 
  with 
  the 
  mounted 
  cavalry 
  troops 
  who 
  used 
  swords 
  

   and 
  lances, 
  or 
  with 
  the 
  foot 
  soldiers 
  and 
  their 
  firearms. 
  Furthermore, 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  never 
  realized 
  the 
  advantage 
  of 
  ships 
  for 
  moving 
  troops 
  and 
  

   supplies. 
  In 
  the 
  Conquest 
  Period, 
  the 
  resisting 
  Indians 
  soon 
  adopted 
  

   Spanish 
  weapons. 
  In 
  the 
  following 
  periods, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  forbade 
  

   the 
  Indians 
  to 
  carry 
  or 
  possess 
  arms 
  of 
  any 
  effective 
  kind. 
  Today, 
  

   most 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  weapons 
  have 
  completely 
  disappeared 
  although 
  there 
  

   is 
  still 
  some 
  use 
  of 
  slings 
  and 
  bolas. 
  The 
  Indian 
  military 
  organization 
  

   no 
  longer 
  exists, 
  although 
  as 
  late 
  as 
  1780 
  large-scale 
  rebellions 
  occurred. 
  

  

  TRANSPORTATION 
  

  

  Watercraft 
  was 
  always 
  poorly 
  developed 
  in 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  

   region, 
  owing 
  in 
  part 
  to 
  the 
  lack 
  of 
  good 
  materials. 
  Small 
  balsas, 
  

  

  