﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  25 
  

  

  really 
  rafts 
  made 
  of 
  cigar-shapedfbundles 
  of 
  reeds 
  turned 
  up 
  at 
  one 
  or 
  

   both 
  ends, 
  were 
  in 
  use 
  from 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  onward, 
  and 
  flat 
  rafts 
  

   were 
  also 
  known. 
  The 
  use 
  of 
  sails 
  on 
  either 
  type 
  is 
  still 
  debated. 
  In 
  

   spite 
  of 
  their 
  relative 
  ineffectiveness, 
  the 
  balsas 
  are 
  still 
  in 
  use 
  today 
  

   both 
  on 
  the 
  north 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  on 
  Lake 
  Titicaca. 
  

  

  Land 
  transportation 
  was, 
  however, 
  well 
  advanced. 
  In 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   Periods, 
  roads 
  were 
  maintained 
  throughout 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Empire. 
  In 
  

   some 
  places 
  only 
  markers 
  were 
  set 
  up 
  to 
  indicate 
  the 
  proper 
  trail, 
  but 
  

   in 
  rough 
  terrain 
  the 
  roads 
  were 
  paved 
  with 
  flagstones, 
  and 
  large 
  steps 
  

   were 
  cut 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  rock. 
  Suspension 
  cables 
  and 
  stone 
  bridges 
  

   were 
  built 
  over 
  gorges. 
  Small 
  houses 
  (tambos) 
  were 
  built 
  at 
  intervals 
  

   along 
  the 
  principal 
  highways 
  for 
  the 
  convenience 
  of 
  travelers 
  and 
  for 
  

   stationing 
  special 
  runners. 
  Probably 
  both 
  roads 
  and 
  bridges 
  were 
  

   maintained 
  in 
  pre-Inca 
  periods, 
  although 
  identification 
  is 
  difficult. 
  

   Some 
  roads 
  are 
  attributed 
  to 
  the 
  Mochica 
  culture. 
  

  

  The 
  Inca 
  organized 
  a 
  system 
  of 
  relay 
  runners, 
  called 
  chasquis, 
  who 
  

   carried 
  messages 
  over 
  great 
  distances 
  in 
  a 
  comparatively 
  short 
  time. 
  

   Larco 
  Hoyle 
  (1939 
  and 
  this 
  volume, 
  p. 
  175) 
  has 
  demonstrated 
  that 
  

   some 
  of 
  the 
  figures 
  depicted 
  on 
  Mochica 
  ceramics 
  of 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  

   also 
  appear 
  to 
  represent 
  runners 
  carrying 
  messages. 
  

  

  In 
  Spanish 
  times, 
  the 
  road 
  system 
  was 
  considerably 
  modified 
  be- 
  

   cause 
  of 
  transportation 
  on 
  horseback 
  and 
  with 
  pack 
  animals 
  rather 
  than 
  

   on 
  foot 
  and 
  with 
  llamas. 
  Likewise, 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  were 
  most 
  inter- 
  

   ested 
  in 
  roads 
  which 
  led 
  from 
  the 
  mountains 
  to 
  the 
  coast 
  rather 
  than 
  

   in 
  those 
  running 
  north 
  and 
  south. 
  However, 
  the 
  series 
  of 
  rest 
  houses 
  

   along 
  the 
  highways 
  were 
  maintained 
  in 
  Colonial 
  times 
  and 
  still 
  exist 
  

   today. 
  

  

  Archeological 
  evidence 
  confirms 
  wide-scale 
  trading. 
  Presumably 
  

   a 
  reasonable 
  amount 
  of 
  travel 
  for 
  trading 
  purposes 
  was 
  common. 
  The 
  

   Inca 
  limited 
  travel 
  privileges 
  for 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  people, 
  except 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  

   government 
  business 
  and 
  army 
  duty. 
  Wide-scale 
  mobility, 
  however, 
  

   marks 
  the 
  historical 
  periods. 
  Large 
  numbers 
  of 
  Indians 
  withdrew 
  

   from 
  their 
  traditional 
  centers, 
  either 
  under 
  pressure 
  of 
  war 
  or 
  volun- 
  

   tarily. 
  Many 
  Indians 
  joined 
  the 
  migrant 
  yanacona 
  labor 
  group 
  to 
  

   escape 
  taxation. 
  The 
  Indians 
  are 
  less 
  mobile 
  today 
  although 
  travel 
  

   is 
  still 
  considerable. 
  

  

  ARCHITECTURE 
  AND 
  BUILDING 
  

  

  Large-scale 
  building 
  was 
  a 
  unique 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  An- 
  

   dean 
  pattern. 
  These 
  large 
  building 
  projects 
  might 
  be 
  for 
  religious 
  

   constructions, 
  that 
  is, 
  pyramids 
  or 
  temples, 
  for 
  palaces 
  of 
  the 
  rulers, 
  

   for 
  fortifications, 
  or 
  for 
  public 
  works 
  such 
  as 
  irrigation 
  systems 
  and 
  

   roads. 
  All 
  categories 
  are 
  characterized 
  by 
  the 
  large 
  scale 
  of 
  the 
  work 
  

   and 
  the 
  necessity 
  for 
  well-organized 
  labor. 
  Irrespective 
  of 
  detailed 
  

   differences, 
  such 
  large-scale 
  construction 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Chavin 
  Periods, 
  

  

  