﻿26 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  of 
  Tiahuanaco 
  and 
  Mochica, 
  and 
  in 
  all 
  the 
  Middle, 
  

   Late, 
  and 
  Inca 
  Periods. 
  In 
  the 
  beginning 
  the 
  emphasis 
  was 
  placed 
  

   mainly 
  on 
  religious 
  structures, 
  but 
  later 
  large-scale 
  public 
  works, 
  for- 
  

   tifications, 
  and 
  palaces 
  were 
  also 
  constructed. 
  

  

  The 
  planning 
  required 
  for 
  constructing 
  many 
  of 
  these 
  buildings 
  sug- 
  

   gests 
  that 
  specialists 
  in 
  architecture 
  existed 
  from 
  the 
  Chavin 
  Periods 
  

   onward. 
  The 
  models 
  of 
  buildings 
  found 
  at 
  Tiahuanaco 
  are 
  direct 
  

   evidence 
  of 
  such 
  advance 
  planning. 
  

  

  Building 
  was 
  normally 
  done 
  with 
  adobe 
  brick 
  on 
  the 
  Coast, 
  and 
  with 
  

   stone 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  although 
  there 
  are 
  many 
  exceptions. 
  The 
  

   fact 
  that 
  adobe 
  buildings 
  endure 
  well 
  on 
  the 
  dry 
  Coast 
  but 
  not 
  in 
  the 
  

   rainy 
  Highlands 
  probably 
  influenced 
  the 
  architects. 
  The 
  technique 
  

   of 
  smoothing 
  and 
  dressing 
  stone 
  was 
  known 
  in 
  the 
  Chavin 
  Periods 
  and 
  

   characterizes 
  the 
  Tiahuanaco 
  and 
  Inca 
  Periods. 
  The 
  construction 
  of 
  

   interior 
  galleries 
  and 
  chambers 
  was 
  particularly 
  characteristic 
  of 
  

   the 
  Chavin 
  and 
  Kecuay 
  Periods, 
  but 
  was 
  occasionally 
  employed 
  in 
  

   later 
  times. 
  However, 
  such 
  specialized 
  stone-masonry 
  devices 
  as 
  

   notches, 
  jointing, 
  and 
  copper 
  cramps 
  were 
  essentially 
  limited 
  to 
  the 
  

   Tiahuanaco 
  Period 
  in 
  Bolivia. 
  Likewise, 
  the 
  architectural 
  use 
  of 
  

   stone 
  carving 
  was 
  prominent 
  only 
  in 
  the 
  Chavin 
  and 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Pe- 
  

   riods. 
  Until 
  the 
  Inca 
  Periods, 
  no 
  extensive 
  use 
  was 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  cor- 
  

   beled 
  arch 
  for 
  stone 
  roofing, 
  although 
  the 
  principle 
  was 
  known 
  in 
  the 
  

   Chavin 
  Periods. 
  

  

  Many 
  types 
  of 
  adobe 
  brick 
  were 
  used 
  on 
  the 
  Coast, 
  and 
  a 
  good 
  pe- 
  

   riod 
  sequence 
  has 
  yet 
  to 
  be 
  established. 
  Hand-made, 
  conical 
  adobes 
  

   were 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  Chavin 
  Periods, 
  but 
  by 
  the 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  Period 
  

   rectangular 
  mold-made 
  adobes 
  were 
  common. 
  In 
  later 
  periods, 
  a 
  pref- 
  

   erence 
  for 
  hand-made 
  or 
  mold-made 
  adobes 
  represents 
  a 
  regional 
  

   rather 
  than 
  a 
  time 
  difference. 
  

  

  The 
  common 
  dwelling 
  house, 
  irrespective 
  of 
  the 
  period 
  or 
  the 
  mate- 
  

   rial 
  used 
  in 
  building, 
  was 
  a 
  small, 
  rectangular 
  unit, 
  suitable 
  for 
  a 
  

   single 
  family. 
  Rarely, 
  round 
  houses 
  were 
  made, 
  but 
  these 
  were 
  not 
  

   characteristic 
  of 
  any 
  particular 
  period. 
  The 
  house 
  interior 
  was 
  simple, 
  

   with, 
  perhaps, 
  some 
  pegs 
  and 
  niches 
  in 
  the 
  walls 
  and, 
  more 
  rarely, 
  a 
  

   stone 
  partition. 
  Two-story 
  dwellings 
  are 
  found 
  at 
  some 
  sites, 
  partic- 
  

   ularly 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  Periods. 
  In 
  general, 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  are 
  charac- 
  

   terized 
  by 
  isolated 
  house 
  units 
  or 
  clusters 
  of 
  houses 
  in 
  small 
  villages. 
  

   In 
  the 
  Late 
  Periods, 
  true 
  cities 
  were 
  built. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  of 
  large 
  

   size 
  and 
  include 
  streets, 
  reservoirs, 
  gardens, 
  pyramids, 
  and 
  defense 
  

   walls. 
  These 
  were 
  lay 
  cities, 
  not 
  religious 
  centers 
  as 
  in 
  Mexico. 
  The 
  

   Inca 
  continued 
  this 
  large-scale 
  pattern. 
  

  

  The 
  Spaniards 
  maintained 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  Indian 
  villages 
  and 
  cities 
  

   after 
  the 
  Conquest. 
  However, 
  in 
  some 
  areas 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  built 
  new 
  

   cities 
  according 
  to 
  their 
  own 
  demands 
  and 
  abandoned 
  the 
  previously 
  

   existing 
  urban 
  centers. 
  For 
  example, 
  on 
  the 
  Coast 
  such 
  prominent 
  

  

  