﻿PREFACE 
  XXIX 
  

  

  bloods, 
  may 
  have 
  some 
  difficulty 
  in 
  understanding 
  that 
  in 
  the 
  other 
  

   American 
  republics 
  these 
  have 
  cultural 
  rather 
  than 
  biological 
  sig- 
  

   nificance. 
  In 
  Ibero-America, 
  Indians 
  and 
  Mestizos 
  are 
  indistin- 
  

   guishable 
  racially, 
  both 
  being 
  predominantly 
  Indian, 
  but 
  the 
  former 
  

   are 
  characterized 
  by 
  having 
  a 
  preponderance 
  of 
  native 
  culture 
  whereas 
  

   the 
  latter 
  have 
  assimilated 
  a 
  substantial 
  amount 
  of 
  European 
  culture. 
  

   The 
  precise 
  differences 
  are 
  a 
  perennial 
  difficulty 
  for 
  the 
  census 
  taker, 
  

   but 
  in 
  a 
  practical 
  sense 
  it 
  may 
  be 
  said 
  that 
  the 
  Mestizo 
  has 
  been 
  

   integrated 
  into 
  national 
  life 
  whereas 
  the 
  Indian 
  has 
  not. 
  The 
  latter 
  

   cannot 
  read 
  or 
  write, 
  does 
  not 
  speak 
  Spanish, 
  and 
  fails 
  to 
  understand 
  

   European 
  legal, 
  economic, 
  and 
  social 
  systems 
  sufficiently 
  well 
  to 
  cope 
  

   with 
  them. 
  He 
  is, 
  therefore, 
  characteristically 
  somewhat 
  malad- 
  

   justed 
  economically 
  and 
  socially. 
  When 
  he 
  makes 
  the 
  adjustments 
  

   he 
  becomes 
  a 
  Mestizo. 
  

  

  As 
  the 
  Handbook 
  articles 
  deal 
  only 
  with 
  the 
  modern 
  peoples 
  who 
  

   are 
  Indians 
  in 
  a 
  cultural 
  sense, 
  it 
  is 
  inevitable 
  that 
  they 
  reveal 
  the 
  

   Indians' 
  struggle 
  to 
  adapt 
  themselves 
  to 
  changing 
  conditions. 
  The 
  

   articles 
  are, 
  however, 
  solely 
  concerned 
  with 
  presenting 
  in 
  scientific 
  

   terms 
  the 
  cultural 
  processes 
  involved. 
  The 
  practical 
  aspects 
  of 
  the 
  

   Indian 
  problem 
  have 
  motivated 
  the 
  various 
  governments 
  to 
  create 
  

   Offices 
  of 
  Indian 
  Affairs, 
  which 
  are 
  charged 
  with 
  the 
  task 
  of 
  protect- 
  

   ing 
  the 
  Indians 
  from 
  the 
  more 
  disastrous 
  consequences 
  of 
  the 
  reaction 
  

   of 
  European 
  customs 
  upon 
  the 
  native 
  patterns. 
  As 
  the 
  Indians' 
  

   slight 
  understanding 
  of 
  European 
  systems 
  leaves 
  them 
  poorly 
  equip- 
  

   ped 
  to 
  solve 
  their 
  own 
  problems, 
  great 
  efforts 
  are 
  being 
  made 
  to 
  reha- 
  

   bilitate 
  them 
  economically, 
  through 
  restoration 
  of 
  lands 
  and 
  improved 
  

   farm 
  methods, 
  and 
  to 
  reintegrate 
  them 
  culturally, 
  through 
  education 
  

   and 
  other 
  means 
  designed 
  to 
  facilitate 
  their 
  fuller 
  participation 
  in 
  

  

  national 
  life. 
  

  

  EXPLANATIONS 
  

  

  Tribal 
  and 
  archeological 
  names.— 
  Names 
  of 
  linguistic, 
  tribal, 
  and 
  

   other 
  ethnic 
  groups 
  are 
  italicized, 
  but 
  names 
  of 
  archeological 
  sites, 
  

   areas, 
  and 
  periods 
  are 
  not 
  unless 
  the 
  archeology 
  can 
  be 
  identified 
  

   with 
  an 
  ethnic 
  group, 
  in 
  which 
  case 
  it 
  is 
  also 
  italicized. 
  The 
  arche- 
  

   ological 
  cultures 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  identified 
  with 
  historic 
  peoples 
  are 
  

   the 
  Inca, 
  Chibcha, 
  Tairona, 
  Diaguita, 
  Atacameno, 
  and 
  Humahuaca, 
  

   which 
  therefore 
  are 
  italicized 
  when 
  used 
  in 
  an 
  archeological 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  

   a 
  tribal 
  sense. 
  Unfortunately, 
  several 
  tribal 
  names 
  have 
  come 
  to 
  

   designate 
  archeological 
  cultures 
  although 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  reason 
  to 
  attrib- 
  

   ute 
  the 
  archeological 
  materials 
  to 
  the 
  tribes. 
  These 
  names 
  are 
  not 
  

   italicized: 
  Quimbaya, 
  Mochica, 
  and 
  Chimu. 
  

  

  Well-established 
  archeological 
  periods 
  are 
  capitalized, 
  e. 
  g., 
  Chavln 
  

   Periods, 
  Early 
  Periods, 
  Inca 
  Periods. 
  

  

  Definite 
  pottery 
  styles 
  are 
  also 
  capitalized, 
  e. 
  g., 
  Tiahuanaco 
  style, 
  

   Nazca 
  style, 
  Chavin 
  style. 
  

  

  