﻿32 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  adopt 
  new 
  types 
  of 
  clothing 
  in 
  an 
  effort 
  to 
  make 
  them 
  forget 
  their 
  cul- 
  

   tural 
  unity. 
  Likewise, 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  Indians 
  voluntarily 
  imitated 
  the 
  

   clothing 
  of 
  the 
  Spaniards. 
  The 
  result 
  was 
  the 
  creation 
  of 
  a 
  new 
  stand- 
  

   ard 
  costume 
  for 
  Indians, 
  consisting 
  of 
  pants, 
  jacket, 
  shirt, 
  ponchos 
  

   (introduced 
  in 
  the 
  post-Spanish 
  time), 
  and 
  hats. 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  present 
  time, 
  the 
  Indians 
  still 
  use 
  this 
  16th-century 
  costume. 
  

   The 
  men 
  wear 
  sandals, 
  short 
  pants, 
  shirts, 
  vestlike 
  jackets, 
  and 
  the 
  

   sleeveless 
  poncho. 
  They 
  still 
  carry 
  a 
  woven 
  or 
  a 
  leather 
  bag. 
  Head- 
  

   gear 
  varies 
  enormously, 
  and 
  the 
  Aymara 
  wear 
  both 
  a 
  knit 
  stocking 
  cap 
  

   and 
  a 
  felt 
  hat. 
  Women 
  wear 
  several 
  skirts, 
  a 
  belt, 
  a 
  blouse, 
  a 
  blanket, 
  

   and 
  a 
  felt 
  hat. 
  Kegional 
  distinctions 
  are 
  still 
  reflected 
  in 
  the 
  details 
  

   of 
  the 
  costume, 
  and 
  special 
  dance 
  costumes 
  are 
  still 
  used. 
  

  

  MUSIC 
  

  

  Practically 
  all 
  the 
  musical 
  instruments 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  are 
  archeo- 
  

   logically 
  old. 
  From 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  onward 
  are 
  found 
  drums 
  and 
  

   tambourines; 
  end 
  flutes 
  of 
  clay, 
  reed, 
  or 
  bone; 
  gongs 
  and 
  clappers; 
  seed 
  

   rattles; 
  straight 
  and 
  coiled 
  trumpets 
  of 
  clay; 
  shell 
  trumpets; 
  numerous 
  

   pipes 
  and 
  whistles; 
  and 
  panpipes 
  of 
  reed 
  or 
  clay. 
  

  

  In 
  Colonial 
  Spanish 
  Periods, 
  harps, 
  violins, 
  and 
  guitars 
  were 
  added 
  

   to 
  the 
  musical 
  equipment. 
  These, 
  together 
  with 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  ancient 
  

   instruments, 
  are 
  still 
  used 
  by 
  the 
  mountain 
  Indians. 
  

  

  SOCIAL 
  CULTURE 
  

  

  Archeological 
  evidence 
  for 
  aspects 
  of 
  social 
  culture 
  is 
  meager 
  and 
  

   difficult 
  to 
  interpret. 
  Although 
  the 
  Inca 
  customs 
  are 
  comparatively 
  

   well 
  known 
  from 
  Spanish 
  accounts, 
  it 
  is 
  hard 
  to 
  determine 
  whether 
  

   these 
  were 
  characteristic 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  Andean 
  pattern 
  as 
  a 
  whole. 
  

   The 
  few 
  statements 
  that 
  can 
  be 
  made 
  are 
  based 
  largely 
  on 
  inference 
  

   from 
  indirect 
  evidence. 
  

  

  Some 
  sketchy 
  information 
  is 
  available 
  on 
  the 
  customs 
  pertaining 
  to 
  

   the 
  life 
  cycle. 
  Early 
  Mochica 
  Period 
  ceramics 
  depict 
  mothers 
  giving 
  

   birth 
  to 
  children, 
  assisted 
  by 
  a 
  midwife 
  and 
  sometimes 
  a 
  second 
  person 
  

   as 
  well. 
  There 
  is 
  a 
  suggestion 
  that 
  a 
  medicine 
  man 
  was 
  employed. 
  

   Inca 
  infants 
  were 
  placed 
  in 
  cradles 
  almost 
  immediately 
  after 
  birth, 
  and 
  

   cradleboards 
  are 
  depicted 
  in 
  the 
  Middle 
  Period 
  ceramics 
  on 
  the 
  coast. 
  

   Again 
  in 
  Inca 
  times, 
  there 
  was 
  a 
  naming 
  ceremony 
  for 
  a 
  child 
  about 
  

   2 
  or 
  3 
  years 
  old. 
  At 
  this 
  ceremony 
  the 
  child's 
  hair 
  was 
  tied 
  in 
  bunches, 
  

   and 
  each 
  participant 
  in 
  the 
  ceremony 
  cut 
  off 
  a 
  lock 
  and 
  left 
  a 
  gift 
  for 
  

   the 
  child. 
  Although 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  direct 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  antiquity 
  of 
  

   this 
  custom, 
  it 
  has 
  a 
  wide 
  distribution 
  from 
  the 
  Chibcha 
  to 
  the 
  Calcha- 
  

   qui 
  and 
  is 
  probably 
  old. 
  The 
  Inca 
  emphasized 
  age 
  grades, 
  formal 
  

   education 
  at 
  least 
  for 
  the 
  upper 
  classes, 
  and 
  puberty 
  ceremonies. 
  No 
  

   convincing 
  data 
  are 
  available 
  on 
  the 
  antiquity 
  of 
  any 
  of 
  these. 
  Had 
  

   any 
  great 
  importance 
  been 
  placed 
  on 
  puberty 
  ceremonies, 
  the 
  pictorial 
  

  

  