﻿Vol.2] 
  ANDEAN 
  HIGHLANDS 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  49 
  

  

  The 
  common 
  hair-cutting, 
  naming 
  ceremony 
  for 
  children 
  was 
  fol- 
  

   lowed. 
  Although 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  people 
  were 
  monogamous, 
  the 
  

   chiefs 
  are 
  said 
  to 
  have 
  had 
  several 
  wives. 
  Considerable 
  attention 
  

   was 
  paid 
  to 
  death 
  ritual 
  and 
  burial 
  in 
  mounds, 
  deep-shaft 
  tombs, 
  

   coffins, 
  and 
  rarely 
  urns. 
  The 
  religion 
  emphasized 
  the 
  natural 
  features 
  

   of 
  the 
  mountain 
  region. 
  Idols 
  of 
  wood 
  and 
  stone 
  are 
  mentioned. 
  

   Medicine 
  men 
  were 
  prominent, 
  but 
  whether 
  a 
  priest 
  group 
  existed 
  is 
  

   not 
  clear. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Ecuadorian 
  Coast, 
  two 
  archeological 
  zones 
  are 
  outstanding. 
  

   In 
  the 
  north, 
  the 
  Esmeraldas 
  district 
  is 
  noted 
  for 
  its 
  large 
  circular 
  

   mounds 
  for 
  burials 
  and 
  perhaps 
  as 
  bases 
  of 
  temples. 
  Clay 
  figurines 
  of 
  

   exceptional 
  modeling 
  are 
  found, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  a 
  great 
  variety 
  of 
  small 
  

   metal 
  objects 
  made 
  in 
  gold, 
  platinum, 
  and 
  gilded 
  copper. 
  Farther 
  

   south, 
  the 
  Manabi 
  region 
  is 
  characterized 
  by 
  an 
  extensive 
  use 
  of 
  stone. 
  

   House 
  enclosures 
  are 
  numerous, 
  but 
  more 
  outstanding 
  are 
  the 
  stone 
  

   bas-reliefs, 
  and 
  the 
  unique 
  U-shaped 
  stone 
  seats 
  which 
  rest 
  on 
  carved 
  

   animal 
  and 
  human 
  figures. 
  

  

  The 
  pre-Inca 
  cultures 
  of 
  the 
  Coast 
  are 
  little 
  known 
  from 
  the 
  histori- 
  

   cal 
  sources. 
  Fishing 
  and 
  hunting 
  seem 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  of 
  prominence 
  in 
  

   the 
  subsistence, 
  and 
  some 
  even 
  suggest 
  that 
  the 
  agriculture 
  was 
  left 
  

   entirely 
  to 
  the 
  women. 
  Clothing 
  was 
  scanty 
  in 
  comparison 
  to 
  the 
  

   Highlands. 
  Houses 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  perishable 
  materials. 
  The 
  Coastal 
  

   groups 
  were 
  united 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  coastwise 
  shipping, 
  and 
  some 
  

   developed 
  ocean 
  travel 
  and 
  trade 
  to 
  a 
  high 
  degree. 
  

  

  During 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  15tb 
  century, 
  the 
  Inca 
  spread 
  their 
  

   control 
  over 
  both 
  Coast 
  and 
  Highland 
  Ecuador. 
  The 
  campaign 
  was 
  

   started 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  Emperor 
  Tupac 
  Yupanqui, 
  but 
  was 
  not 
  formally 
  

   completed 
  until 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  Huayna 
  Capac, 
  about 
  A. 
  D. 
  1495. 
  The 
  

   Inca 
  Period 
  ends 
  with 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest 
  shortly 
  after 
  A. 
  D. 
  1534. 
  

   However, 
  iu 
  spite 
  of 
  this 
  relatively 
  short 
  period 
  of 
  occupation, 
  Inca 
  

   influence 
  was 
  intense. 
  Inca 
  pottery 
  has 
  been 
  fouad 
  in 
  great 
  quaatity, 
  

   and 
  a 
  vast 
  amount 
  of 
  stone 
  building 
  is 
  attributed 
  to 
  the 
  Period, 
  far 
  

   more 
  than 
  is 
  found 
  in 
  Argentina 
  or 
  North 
  Chile. 
  New 
  food 
  plants, 
  

   such 
  as 
  the 
  sweet 
  potato, 
  oca, 
  sweet 
  manioc, 
  peanuts, 
  and 
  coca, 
  are 
  

   thought 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  introduced 
  by 
  the 
  Inca. 
  Llamas, 
  although 
  

   they 
  may 
  have 
  existed 
  before, 
  certainly 
  increased 
  in 
  numbers 
  and 
  im- 
  

   portance. 
  (It 
  is 
  interesting 
  to 
  note, 
  however, 
  that 
  the 
  llamas 
  and 
  

   alpacas 
  have 
  not 
  adapted 
  well 
  to 
  the 
  Ecuadorian 
  paramos. 
  Although 
  

   they 
  still 
  exist 
  today, 
  the 
  numbers 
  are 
  greatly 
  reduced, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  obvious 
  

   that 
  Ecuador 
  is 
  a 
  poor 
  country 
  for 
  breeding 
  these 
  aaimals.) 
  The 
  

   Inca 
  made 
  Quito 
  a 
  second 
  capital 
  of 
  their 
  Empire. 
  Through 
  their 
  

   system 
  of 
  mitimaes, 
  rebellious 
  groups 
  were 
  moved 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  area 
  aad 
  

   assimilated 
  peoples 
  moved 
  in. 
  Quechua, 
  the 
  Inca 
  language, 
  virtually 
  

   replaced 
  previously 
  existing 
  tongues 
  spoken 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands 
  of 
  

   Ecuador. 
  

  

  