﻿54 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  characteristics 
  which 
  typify 
  the 
  Andean 
  pattern 
  in 
  Peril 
  and 
  Bolivia. 
  

   For 
  a 
  brief 
  time, 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire 
  skirted 
  the 
  southern 
  border 
  of 
  Co- 
  

   lombia, 
  but 
  its 
  direct 
  influence 
  was 
  probably 
  negligible. 
  However, 
  

   archeological 
  evidence 
  shows 
  that 
  Colombia 
  was 
  not 
  completely 
  out- 
  

   side 
  of 
  the 
  sphere 
  of 
  Andean 
  developments 
  to 
  the 
  south. 
  Quimbaya 
  

   pottery 
  clearly 
  reflects 
  certain 
  Peruvian 
  influences 
  of 
  the 
  pre-Inca 
  pe- 
  

   riods. 
  The 
  stone 
  statues 
  of 
  San 
  Agustin 
  were 
  in 
  all 
  probability 
  related 
  

   to 
  or 
  influenced 
  by 
  Peruvian 
  stone 
  carving. 
  Furthermore, 
  Colombia 
  

   was 
  affected 
  by 
  some 
  iafiuence 
  from 
  the 
  higher 
  civilizations 
  of 
  Central 
  

   America. 
  Historically, 
  Colombian 
  cultures 
  reflect 
  the 
  marginal 
  

   position 
  to 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  Andes 
  and 
  to 
  Central 
  America. 
  

  

  In 
  many 
  ways, 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  large, 
  concentrated 
  populations, 
  urban 
  

   patterns, 
  and 
  widespread 
  political 
  organization 
  was 
  handicapped 
  

   by 
  environmental 
  limitations. 
  For 
  example, 
  the 
  domesticated 
  llamas 
  

   and 
  alpacas, 
  so 
  important 
  in 
  southern 
  Peru 
  and 
  Bolivia, 
  were 
  not 
  

   herded 
  in 
  Colombia. 
  In 
  large 
  part, 
  this 
  is 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  

   high 
  paramos, 
  unlike 
  the 
  punas, 
  are 
  not 
  suitable 
  for 
  these 
  animals. 
  

   Even 
  the 
  wild 
  forms, 
  the 
  vicuna 
  and 
  the 
  guanaco, 
  are 
  not 
  found 
  in 
  

   Colombia. 
  Likewise, 
  copper 
  is 
  rare 
  and 
  tin 
  deposits 
  are 
  not 
  found 
  

   in 
  Colombia, 
  so 
  that 
  metalwork 
  was 
  limited 
  to 
  gold, 
  some 
  silver, 
  and 
  

   such 
  alloys 
  as 
  could 
  be 
  made 
  with 
  the 
  available 
  copper. 
  Limitations 
  

   of 
  terrain 
  for 
  cultivation 
  have 
  been 
  mentioned 
  previously. 
  

  

  The 
  habitation 
  pattern 
  ia 
  Colombia 
  has 
  changed 
  markedly 
  in 
  

   the 
  400 
  years 
  following 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest. 
  Today, 
  James 
  

   (1942, 
  p. 
  94) 
  lists 
  14 
  centers 
  of 
  population 
  concentration 
  in 
  Colombia. 
  

   The 
  only 
  correspondence 
  with 
  the 
  pre-Columbian 
  Indian 
  pattern 
  

   is 
  in 
  the 
  high 
  basin 
  region 
  in 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  Oriental 
  in 
  the 
  Depart- 
  

   ments 
  of 
  Cundinamarca 
  and 
  Boyaca, 
  the 
  old 
  Chibcha 
  territory. 
  

   Otherwise, 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  new 
  centers 
  has 
  been 
  made 
  possible 
  by 
  fac- 
  

   tors 
  outside 
  of 
  the 
  range 
  of 
  Indian 
  economy 
  and 
  technology. 
  Wheat 
  

   and 
  barley 
  are 
  cereals 
  which 
  grow 
  at 
  higher 
  altitudes 
  than 
  maize, 
  and 
  

   thus 
  expanded 
  the 
  cultivable 
  terrain. 
  The 
  ox-drawn 
  plow 
  could 
  

   cope 
  with 
  grasslands 
  resistant 
  to 
  Indian 
  digging-stick 
  methods. 
  

   Domesticated 
  cattle, 
  sheep, 
  and 
  horses 
  flourished 
  on 
  the 
  high 
  paramos 
  

   worthless 
  to 
  Indian 
  economy. 
  The 
  commercial 
  market 
  for 
  cinchona 
  

   aad 
  later 
  for 
  cacao 
  opened 
  up 
  new 
  terrain. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  mountain 
  

   slopes, 
  cultivated 
  in 
  desultory 
  fashion 
  or 
  not 
  all 
  by 
  the 
  Indians, 
  have 
  

   become 
  the 
  prize 
  coffee 
  lands. 
  Discovery 
  of 
  oil 
  created 
  new 
  centers 
  

   in 
  the 
  Cordillera 
  Oriental. 
  Shipping 
  ports 
  developed 
  on 
  both 
  the 
  

   Caribbean 
  and 
  the 
  Pacific. 
  Irrigation 
  methods 
  and 
  planting 
  of 
  

   sugarcane 
  now 
  make 
  the 
  Upper 
  Cauca 
  Valley 
  a 
  rich 
  region. 
  Plati- 
  

   num 
  and 
  gold 
  mines 
  have 
  formed 
  new 
  communities. 
  Bananas 
  have 
  

   turned 
  the 
  tropical 
  lowlands 
  into 
  a 
  profitable 
  region. 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  new 
  centers 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  dependent 
  on 
  the 
  limited 
  

   Indian 
  population. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  soon 
  discovered 
  that, 
  outside 
  of 
  

  

  