﻿58 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  land 
  Ecuador, 
  Peru, 
  and 
  Bolivia. 
  Today, 
  this 
  is 
  the 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  

   largest 
  and 
  most 
  concentrated 
  Indian 
  population 
  in 
  all 
  of 
  South 
  Amer- 
  

   ica. 
  Furthermore, 
  these 
  Indians 
  are 
  a 
  functioning 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  con- 
  

   temporary 
  economic 
  systems 
  of 
  the 
  three 
  countries. 
  Still, 
  the 
  mono- 
  

   graphic 
  literature 
  is 
  limited, 
  and 
  field 
  studies 
  rare. 
  Kecent 
  investi- 
  

   gations, 
  when 
  published, 
  will 
  remedy 
  this 
  situation 
  somewhat, 
  but, 
  

   considering 
  the 
  size 
  and 
  importance 
  of 
  the 
  area, 
  much 
  still 
  remains 
  to 
  

   be 
  done. 
  These 
  Indians 
  are 
  essentially 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  physical 
  types, 
  

   speak 
  their 
  aboriginal 
  languages, 
  and 
  maintain 
  much 
  of 
  their 
  old 
  

   culture, 
  but 
  they 
  have 
  also 
  been 
  deeply 
  influeuced 
  by 
  400 
  years 
  of 
  

   European 
  contacts. 
  Contemporary 
  studies 
  face 
  the 
  difficult 
  problem 
  

   of 
  dealing 
  with 
  a 
  dual 
  system, 
  one 
  basically 
  Indian 
  and 
  one 
  basically 
  

   European 
  in 
  pattern. 
  The 
  conflicts 
  and 
  the 
  integration 
  of 
  these 
  two 
  

   systems 
  have 
  never 
  been 
  properly 
  studied. 
  

  

  (2) 
  Basic 
  Andean 
  pattern.— 
  In 
  this 
  Introduction, 
  a 
  cultural 
  pattern 
  

   found 
  throughout 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  Highland 
  region 
  of 
  western 
  South 
  

   America 
  has 
  been 
  sketched. 
  More 
  detailed 
  studies 
  are 
  needed 
  to 
  

   determine 
  the 
  significant 
  composition 
  of 
  this 
  basic 
  pattern. 
  The 
  en- 
  

   vironmental 
  setting 
  for 
  the 
  development 
  of 
  this 
  pattern 
  has 
  been 
  

   emphasized, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  obvious 
  that 
  a 
  favorable 
  environment 
  is 
  merely 
  

   a 
  setting, 
  and 
  not 
  the 
  final 
  determinant. 
  

  

  (3) 
  Central 
  Andean 
  pattern.— 
  The 
  Central 
  Andean 
  pattern, 
  which 
  

   culminated 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire, 
  had 
  its 
  roots 
  in 
  the 
  archeological 
  past. 
  

   More 
  detailed 
  studies 
  of 
  the 
  composition 
  of 
  the 
  Central 
  pattern 
  are 
  

   needed. 
  From 
  an 
  archeological 
  point 
  of 
  view, 
  earlier 
  periods 
  in 
  the 
  

   different 
  subdivisions, 
  such 
  as 
  Chavin, 
  Mochica, 
  Nazca, 
  Paracas, 
  

   Kecuay, 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  and 
  Chiripa, 
  should 
  be 
  examined 
  in 
  detail 
  to 
  

   determine 
  the 
  elements 
  which 
  they 
  possess 
  in 
  common. 
  Archeolo- 
  

   gists 
  concerned 
  with 
  the 
  complex 
  problem 
  of 
  chronology 
  emphasize 
  

   differences 
  in 
  these 
  early 
  periods. 
  A 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  similarities 
  would 
  

   be 
  equally 
  stimulating 
  and 
  of 
  value 
  in 
  discussing 
  the 
  cultural 
  history 
  

   of 
  wider 
  areas. 
  

  

  (4) 
  Highland 
  Andean 
  horizons.— 
  As 
  archeological 
  knowledge 
  ad- 
  

   vances, 
  it 
  will 
  be 
  possible 
  to 
  study 
  in 
  detail 
  the 
  interrelationships 
  

   of 
  the 
  whole 
  Highland 
  Andean 
  region. 
  The 
  Quimbaya, 
  San 
  Agustin, 
  

   and 
  Tairona 
  cultures 
  of 
  Colombia 
  have 
  features 
  which 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  

   Peruvian 
  in 
  origin. 
  In 
  Northwest 
  Argentina, 
  the 
  Calchaqui 
  and 
  

   Atacameno 
  cultures 
  reveal 
  certain 
  Tiahuanaco 
  influences. 
  A 
  con- 
  

   trolled 
  study 
  of 
  these 
  widespread 
  influences 
  or 
  horizons 
  is 
  needed. 
  

  

  (5) 
  Andean-Amazonian 
  relationships.— 
  Some 
  authorities 
  see 
  strong 
  

   Amazonian 
  influence 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  stages 
  of 
  Andean 
  development. 
  

   Others 
  minimize 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  the 
  advanced 
  Andean 
  civilizations 
  

   on 
  the 
  Amazonian 
  tribes. 
  Studies 
  of 
  the 
  interplay 
  of 
  Amazon 
  and 
  

   Andes 
  are 
  badly 
  needed. 
  Nordenskiold 
  has 
  shown 
  that 
  chickens 
  and 
  

   scissors 
  introduced 
  on 
  the 
  coast 
  of 
  Brazil 
  reached 
  the 
  Highland 
  region 
  

   of 
  Peru 
  in 
  pre-Conquest 
  times. 
  Such 
  evidence 
  of 
  rapid 
  trade 
  would 
  

  

  