﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  63 
  

  

  quently, 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  archeological 
  past, 
  the 
  unwritten 
  history 
  

   of 
  these 
  Indians, 
  is 
  of 
  importance. 
  

  

  THE 
  REGION 
  AS 
  A 
  WHOLE: 
  ARCHEOLOGICAL 
  UNITY 
  

  

  The 
  Peru-Bolivia 
  archeological 
  region 
  forms 
  a 
  unit 
  which 
  can 
  be 
  

   compared 
  with 
  other 
  archeological 
  areas 
  in 
  South, 
  Central, 
  and 
  

   North 
  America, 
  not 
  to 
  mention 
  the 
  Old 
  World. 
  The 
  unity 
  is 
  more 
  

   than 
  geographical. 
  A 
  trained 
  person 
  can 
  generally 
  recognize 
  a 
  speci- 
  

   men 
  from 
  this 
  region 
  regardless 
  of 
  its 
  time 
  period. 
  Throughout 
  

   the 
  archeological 
  past, 
  the 
  Peru-Bolivia 
  area 
  has 
  lacked 
  many 
  things 
  

   which 
  are 
  important 
  elsewhere, 
  such 
  as 
  any 
  knowledge 
  of 
  the 
  wheel 
  

   or 
  the 
  arch, 
  writing 
  or 
  dating, 
  urn 
  burial, 
  and 
  tetrapod 
  ware. 
  Such 
  

   negative 
  factors 
  could 
  be 
  multiplied, 
  but 
  positive 
  points 
  are 
  needed 
  to 
  

   explain 
  the 
  unity 
  of 
  the 
  region 
  as 
  a 
  whole. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  are 
  listed 
  

   below. 
  

  

  (1) 
  The 
  basic 
  subsistence 
  of 
  agriculture 
  and 
  herding 
  was 
  essentially 
  

   the 
  same 
  in 
  all 
  periods, 
  although 
  the 
  details 
  vary 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  the 
  en- 
  

   vironment. 
  The 
  cultivated 
  food 
  plants 
  that 
  were 
  known 
  in 
  all 
  periods 
  

   are 
  maize, 
  beans, 
  squash, 
  potatoes, 
  manioc, 
  quinoa, 
  and 
  oca. 
  Coca 
  

   chewed 
  with 
  lime 
  was 
  the 
  standard 
  narcotic, 
  rather 
  than 
  tobacco. 
  

   Domesticated 
  llamas 
  and 
  alpacas 
  were 
  utilized 
  for 
  meat, 
  wool, 
  and 
  

   transportation 
  in 
  all 
  periods, 
  although 
  their 
  natural 
  habitat 
  is 
  in 
  

   the 
  Highlands. 
  

  

  (2) 
  All 
  periods 
  knew 
  the 
  same 
  building 
  materials, 
  although 
  the 
  

   environment 
  influenced 
  the 
  selection 
  somewhat. 
  Adobes 
  were 
  used 
  

   for 
  building 
  on 
  the 
  dry 
  Coast, 
  stone 
  more 
  commonly 
  in 
  the 
  High- 
  

   lands. 
  Advanced 
  stone 
  masonry 
  is 
  not 
  a 
  common 
  achievement 
  for 
  

   all 
  periods, 
  but 
  has 
  a 
  wide 
  distribution. 
  

  

  (3) 
  The 
  same 
  major 
  crafts 
  were 
  developed 
  in 
  all 
  periods. 
  These 
  

   include 
  pottery, 
  weaving, 
  metallurgy, 
  and 
  architecture, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  such 
  

   minor 
  crafts 
  as 
  basketry, 
  shell 
  inlay, 
  featherwork, 
  and 
  wood 
  carving. 
  

  

  (4) 
  Individual 
  distinctions 
  in 
  social 
  rank, 
  specialized 
  priesthood, 
  

   complex 
  religion, 
  good 
  military 
  organization, 
  and 
  perhaps 
  the 
  clan 
  

   were 
  always 
  present, 
  insofar 
  as 
  can 
  be 
  judged 
  from 
  the 
  archeological 
  

   materials. 
  

  

  (5) 
  Certain 
  general 
  trends 
  follow 
  throughout 
  the 
  time 
  periods, 
  ir- 
  

   respective 
  of 
  geographic 
  divisions. 
  Early 
  Periods 
  everywhere 
  empha- 
  

   sized 
  realistic 
  or 
  naturalistic 
  design 
  and 
  individual 
  skill 
  in 
  craftsman- 
  

   ship. 
  The 
  Middle 
  Periods 
  are 
  marked 
  by 
  conventionalized 
  designs. 
  

   Late 
  Periods 
  prefer 
  geometric 
  patterns, 
  culminating 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  

   Period, 
  which 
  is 
  frankly 
  geometric. 
  A 
  general 
  reduction 
  in 
  color 
  range 
  

   is 
  noticeable 
  from 
  Early 
  to 
  Late 
  Periods. 
  Likewise, 
  a 
  gradual 
  growth 
  

   from 
  the 
  Early 
  Period 
  villages 
  to 
  the 
  Late 
  Period 
  cities 
  is 
  seen 
  in 
  most 
  

   areas. 
  

  

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