﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  65 
  

  

  preserve 
  their 
  language 
  and 
  much 
  of 
  their 
  old 
  culture. 
  Thus 
  there 
  are 
  

   excellent 
  opportunities 
  for 
  tracing 
  long-term 
  cultural 
  trends. 
  There 
  

   are, 
  unfortunately, 
  some 
  limitations 
  since 
  the 
  archeology 
  presents 
  an 
  

   incomplete 
  picture. 
  The 
  material 
  culture 
  of 
  the 
  past 
  civilization 
  is 
  

   the 
  best 
  represented, 
  and 
  even 
  here 
  preservation 
  factors 
  are 
  unequal 
  

   in 
  different 
  regions. 
  Archeological 
  interpretations 
  of 
  the 
  social 
  culture 
  

   must 
  always 
  be 
  treated 
  with 
  caution. 
  Certain 
  evidence 
  is, 
  however, 
  

   available. 
  Painted 
  and 
  modeled 
  ceramics 
  may 
  portray 
  the 
  bird 
  and 
  

   animal 
  life 
  of 
  the 
  time, 
  the 
  type 
  of 
  dress, 
  and 
  general 
  scenes 
  of 
  social 
  

   activities. 
  Occupation 
  and 
  subsistence 
  can 
  be 
  determined 
  in 
  part 
  

   from 
  direct 
  evidence, 
  such 
  as 
  remains 
  of 
  plants, 
  irrigation 
  projects, 
  

   and 
  cultivated 
  fields. 
  Burials 
  furnish 
  considerable 
  information 
  about 
  

   practices 
  pertaining 
  to 
  the 
  treatment 
  of 
  the 
  dead. 
  The 
  ruins 
  them- 
  

   selves 
  furnish 
  good 
  evidence 
  about 
  the 
  size 
  of 
  villages, 
  the 
  types 
  

   of 
  houses, 
  the 
  religious 
  structures, 
  and 
  fortifications. 
  Considerable 
  

   validity 
  can 
  be 
  given 
  to 
  such 
  interpretations 
  if 
  they 
  are 
  checked 
  by 
  

   studies 
  of 
  contemporary 
  Indian 
  ethnology 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  description 
  of 
  

   the 
  Inca 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Conquest. 
  The 
  problem, 
  then, 
  of 
  tracing 
  

   long-term 
  trends 
  is 
  one 
  of 
  major 
  importance. 
  

  

  (3) 
  Cultural 
  development 
  and 
  geography. 
  —An 
  interesting 
  and 
  

   important 
  problem 
  concerns 
  the 
  relationship 
  of 
  topography 
  and 
  en- 
  

   vironment 
  to 
  cultural 
  development 
  in 
  different 
  archeological 
  periods. 
  

   Many 
  of 
  the 
  factors 
  which 
  determine 
  contemporary 
  settlement 
  in 
  

   the 
  Peruvian 
  Highlands 
  were 
  also 
  effective 
  in 
  the 
  past. 
  However, 
  

   the 
  mountains 
  and 
  deserts 
  which 
  are 
  such 
  difficult 
  barriers 
  to 
  contem- 
  

   porary 
  transportation 
  were 
  apparently 
  much 
  less 
  so 
  when 
  all 
  trans- 
  

   portation 
  was 
  by 
  foot 
  or 
  by 
  llamas. 
  Many 
  studies 
  could 
  grow 
  out 
  

   of 
  this 
  general 
  problem. 
  

  

  (4) 
  Cultural 
  contacts.— 
  A 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  influence 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  

   civilization 
  on 
  other 
  areas 
  of 
  South 
  America 
  is 
  important, 
  and 
  the 
  

   reverse 
  is 
  equally 
  so. 
  Also, 
  studies 
  of 
  contacts 
  within 
  the 
  Peru- 
  

   Bolivia 
  area 
  should 
  be 
  made, 
  emphasizing 
  such 
  factors 
  as 
  trade, 
  mi- 
  

   gration, 
  diffusion, 
  and 
  conquest. 
  

  

  (5) 
  Technical 
  studies. 
  — 
  Such 
  materials 
  as 
  textiles 
  and 
  metals 
  can 
  

   be 
  subjected 
  to 
  technical 
  studies 
  by 
  themselves. 
  Some 
  such 
  studies 
  

   have 
  already 
  been 
  made, 
  principally 
  on 
  the 
  textiles. 
  The 
  fineness 
  

   of 
  the 
  thread 
  and 
  the 
  complexity 
  and 
  variety 
  of 
  weaving 
  techniques 
  

   have 
  been 
  carefully 
  analyzed, 
  and 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  achievement 
  has 
  

   been 
  measured 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  hand 
  weaving 
  throughout 
  the 
  world. 
  

   In 
  metallurgy, 
  the 
  techniques 
  and 
  processes 
  can 
  be 
  determined 
  from 
  

   the 
  specimens. 
  Other 
  types 
  of 
  technical 
  studies 
  could 
  be 
  made, 
  

   including 
  architecture, 
  city 
  planning, 
  and 
  farming 
  methods. 
  

  

  (6) 
  Art 
  studies. 
  — 
  Much 
  attention 
  has 
  already 
  been 
  given 
  to 
  

   Peruvian 
  archeological 
  material 
  by 
  art 
  students. 
  Studies 
  can 
  be 
  

   made 
  of 
  design 
  or 
  modeling 
  or 
  sculpture, 
  and 
  also, 
  in 
  connection 
  with 
  

  

  