﻿70 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  uninhabitable 
  mountain 
  wastes. 
  Each 
  of 
  these 
  clusters 
  represents 
  

   an 
  archeological 
  unit 
  with 
  distinct 
  cultural 
  features. 
  Some 
  of 
  the 
  

   principal 
  clusters 
  are: 
  

  

  (1) 
  The 
  Cajamarca 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  far 
  North 
  Highlands. 
  

  

  (2) 
  The 
  Huaraz 
  region 
  in 
  the 
  Callej6n 
  de 
  Huaylas. 
  

  

  (3) 
  The 
  Huanuco 
  region. 
  

  

  (4) 
  The 
  Mantaro 
  River 
  region. 
  

  

  (5) 
  The 
  Cuzco 
  region 
  in 
  Central 
  Peru. 
  

  

  (6) 
  The 
  Arequipa 
  region. 
  

  

  (7) 
  The 
  Puno 
  region 
  in 
  southern 
  Peru. 
  

  

  (8) 
  The 
  Altiplano 
  region 
  of 
  Bolivia. 
  

  

  (9) 
  The 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera 
  region 
  of 
  Bolivia. 
  

  

  In 
  contrast 
  to 
  the 
  Coast, 
  preservation 
  is 
  poor 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands. 
  

   Objects 
  of 
  ceramics, 
  stone, 
  some 
  bone, 
  and 
  some 
  metal 
  are 
  preserved, 
  

   but 
  other 
  materials 
  usually 
  disintegrate. 
  Consequently, 
  much 
  of 
  

   the 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  arts 
  and 
  crafts 
  is 
  based 
  on 
  analogy 
  and 
  on 
  indirect 
  

   evidence. 
  Furthermore, 
  conditions 
  of 
  life 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands 
  seem 
  

   quite 
  severe. 
  Warm 
  clothing 
  and 
  good 
  housing 
  are 
  necessary. 
  The 
  

   scarcity 
  of 
  fuel 
  is 
  a 
  major 
  problem. 
  Available 
  land 
  for 
  agriculture 
  

   is 
  limited, 
  and 
  many 
  crops 
  will 
  not 
  grow 
  in 
  the 
  high 
  altitude. 
  In 
  spite 
  

   of 
  the 
  fact 
  that 
  the 
  Highlands 
  seem 
  far 
  more 
  limited 
  in 
  potentialities 
  

   than 
  the 
  Coast, 
  the 
  archeological 
  history 
  shows 
  that 
  they 
  have 
  al- 
  

   ways 
  played 
  a 
  dominant 
  role. 
  

  

  For 
  the 
  purposes 
  of 
  this 
  section, 
  the 
  cultural-geographical 
  areas 
  

   have 
  been 
  grouped 
  into 
  six 
  major 
  regions 
  (map 
  2). 
  This 
  is 
  dictated 
  

   in 
  part 
  by 
  a 
  desire 
  for 
  simplification, 
  but 
  also 
  because 
  of 
  the 
  avail- 
  

   ability 
  of 
  archeological 
  evidence. 
  Insufficient 
  work 
  has 
  been 
  done 
  

   in 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  areas 
  to 
  justify 
  separate 
  treatment. 
  The 
  six 
  major 
  

   regions 
  discussed 
  in 
  this 
  section 
  are: 
  

  

  (1) 
  The 
  North 
  Coast. 
  — 
  Theoretically 
  all 
  the 
  Coastal 
  valleys 
  between 
  Casma 
  and 
  

   Piura 
  are 
  included, 
  but 
  practically 
  the 
  discussion 
  is 
  limited 
  to 
  the 
  three 
  adjacent 
  

   valleys 
  of 
  Viru, 
  Moche, 
  and 
  Chicama. 
  

  

  (2) 
  The 
  Central 
  Coast. 
  — 
  The 
  valleys 
  from 
  Lurin 
  to 
  Huarmey 
  are 
  included 
  with 
  

   special 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  Rimac, 
  Anc6n, 
  Chancay, 
  and 
  Supe 
  Valleys. 
  

  

  (3) 
  The 
  South 
  Coast. 
  — 
  The 
  valleys 
  from 
  Rfo 
  Grande 
  (Nazca) 
  to 
  Cafiete, 
  with 
  

   special 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  Nazca, 
  lea, 
  and 
  Pisco 
  (Paracas) 
  Valleys. 
  

  

  (4) 
  The 
  North 
  Highlands. 
  — 
  The 
  region 
  of 
  the 
  Callej6n 
  de 
  Huaylas 
  and 
  the 
  

   Chavm 
  section 
  of 
  the 
  Marafion 
  River 
  are 
  included 
  here. 
  

  

  (5) 
  The 
  Central 
  Highlands. 
  — 
  The 
  region 
  around 
  the 
  town 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  is 
  covered. 
  

  

  (6) 
  The 
  South 
  Highlands 
  and 
  Highland 
  Bolivia. 
  — 
  The 
  Puno 
  region 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  

   the 
  altiplano 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  are 
  grouped 
  together 
  in 
  this 
  category. 
  

  

  CHRONOLOGY 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  present 
  time, 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  absolute 
  chronology 
  in 
  Andean 
  

   archeology. 
  The 
  only 
  concrete 
  date 
  is 
  1532, 
  the 
  year 
  of 
  the 
  arrival 
  

   of 
  the 
  Spaniards 
  in 
  their 
  historic 
  conquest 
  of 
  the 
  area. 
  Otherwise, 
  

   calendrical 
  dates 
  are 
  guesses 
  and, 
  furthermore, 
  prospects 
  of 
  obtaining 
  

  

  