﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES— 
  BENNETT 
  71 
  

  

  accurate 
  dates 
  on 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  internal 
  evidence 
  are 
  meager. 
  There 
  

   was 
  no 
  writing 
  in 
  pre-Spanish 
  Peru, 
  no 
  dated 
  stones, 
  no 
  evidence 
  

   of 
  a 
  recorded 
  calendar. 
  So 
  far 
  no 
  one 
  has 
  attempted 
  tree-ring 
  

   dating, 
  and 
  the 
  material 
  present 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  to 
  be 
  well 
  adapted 
  to 
  

   this 
  type 
  of 
  work. 
  Consequently, 
  archeological 
  dating 
  in 
  Peru 
  and 
  

   Bolivia 
  must 
  be 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  relative 
  chronologies. 
  These 
  involve 
  two 
  

   major 
  factors: 
  one, 
  geographic 
  location; 
  and 
  two, 
  time 
  sequence. 
  

  

  On 
  the 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peru 
  each 
  valley 
  can 
  be 
  considered 
  as 
  a 
  separate 
  

   unit, 
  as 
  can 
  each 
  of 
  the 
  inhabited 
  areas 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands. 
  Within 
  a 
  

   valley 
  or 
  an 
  isolated 
  Highland 
  area, 
  a 
  relative 
  sequence 
  can 
  be 
  set 
  up 
  

   showing 
  the 
  succession 
  of 
  different 
  styles 
  and 
  periods. 
  Once 
  this 
  has 
  

   been 
  accomplished, 
  adjacent 
  valleys 
  or 
  areas 
  can 
  be 
  compared. 
  In 
  

   many 
  cases, 
  it 
  can 
  be 
  demonstrated 
  that 
  a 
  cluster 
  of 
  valleys 
  on 
  one 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  Coast 
  has 
  comparable 
  sequences 
  or 
  overlapping 
  styles. 
  

  

  The 
  problem 
  of 
  linking 
  local 
  time 
  sequences 
  in 
  valleys 
  or 
  areas 
  

   which 
  are 
  widely 
  separated 
  is 
  more 
  difficult, 
  but 
  can 
  be 
  approached 
  

   by 
  examining 
  styles 
  which 
  have 
  a 
  wide 
  distribution, 
  trade 
  pieces, 
  and 
  

   the 
  like. 
  Geographic 
  distance 
  is, 
  however, 
  always 
  difficult 
  to 
  inter- 
  

   pret 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  time. 
  For 
  example, 
  a 
  distinctive 
  style 
  in 
  a 
  Central 
  

   Coast 
  valley 
  appears 
  also 
  in 
  a 
  North 
  Coast 
  valley, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  exceedingly 
  

   difficult 
  to 
  estimate 
  the 
  length 
  of 
  time 
  necessary 
  for 
  such 
  a 
  wide 
  distri- 
  

   bution. 
  If 
  the 
  style 
  spread 
  because 
  of 
  military 
  conquest, 
  only 
  a 
  short 
  

   time 
  factor 
  would 
  be 
  involved; 
  but 
  if 
  it 
  spread 
  by 
  gradual 
  infiltration, 
  

   then 
  the 
  time 
  might 
  be 
  exceedingly 
  lengthy. 
  To 
  some 
  extent 
  the 
  

   time 
  factor 
  can 
  be 
  judged 
  by 
  detailed 
  comparison 
  of 
  the 
  styles 
  in 
  the 
  

   two 
  valleys. 
  

  

  Unfortunately, 
  few 
  of 
  the 
  Coastal 
  valleys 
  or 
  the 
  Highland 
  areas 
  in 
  

   Andean 
  region 
  have 
  local 
  sequences 
  satisfactorily 
  established. 
  Much 
  

   more 
  work 
  is 
  needed, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  that, 
  as 
  the 
  gaps 
  are 
  filled, 
  

   a 
  trustworthy 
  relative 
  chronology 
  for 
  the 
  whole 
  Peru-Bolivia 
  region 
  

   can 
  be 
  established. 
  The 
  broad 
  outlines 
  have 
  already 
  been 
  laid 
  

   down 
  although 
  many 
  points 
  are 
  still 
  unsatisfactory, 
  particularly 
  those 
  

   involving 
  the 
  relationship 
  between 
  Coastal 
  and 
  Highland 
  regions. 
  

  

  A 
  resume 
  of 
  the 
  generally 
  accepted 
  sequences 
  so 
  far 
  established 
  is 
  

   given 
  in 
  the 
  " 
  Chart 
  of 
  Peru-Bolivia 
  archeological 
  periods", 
  on 
  page 
  

   80. 
  All 
  the 
  six 
  major 
  geographical 
  divisions 
  are 
  represented, 
  

   namely, 
  the 
  South, 
  Central, 
  and 
  North 
  Coasts, 
  and 
  the 
  North, 
  Cen- 
  

   tral, 
  and 
  South 
  Highlands. 
  The 
  Central 
  Highlands 
  division 
  appears 
  

   incomplete 
  because, 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  extensive 
  investigation, 
  so 
  far 
  only 
  one 
  

   style 
  has 
  been 
  discovered 
  which 
  is 
  demonstrably 
  older 
  than 
  the 
  classic 
  

   Inca 
  Period. 
  

  

  The 
  valleys 
  and 
  areas 
  chosen 
  to 
  represent 
  the 
  major 
  geographical 
  

   divisions 
  are 
  those 
  in 
  which 
  archeologists 
  have 
  established 
  sound 
  local 
  

   sequences. 
  Major 
  periods 
  are 
  indicated 
  by 
  capitals; 
  styles, 
  not 
  iso- 
  

   lated 
  as 
  periods, 
  by 
  small 
  letters. 
  The 
  period 
  names 
  correspond 
  to 
  

  

  