﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  93 
  

  

  the 
  Chavln 
  and 
  Tiahuanaco 
  horizons 
  is 
  well 
  established. 
  At 
  the 
  

   upper 
  limit 
  Nazca 
  and 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  merge; 
  the 
  related 
  Early- 
  

   site 
  of 
  Paracas 
  shows 
  traces 
  of 
  Chavin 
  influence. 
  Nazca 
  is 
  best 
  known 
  

   for 
  its 
  ceramics 
  and 
  textiles, 
  both 
  of 
  which 
  are 
  well 
  preserved 
  

   on 
  the 
  dry 
  South 
  Coast. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  little 
  is 
  known 
  about 
  

   Nazca 
  architecture. 
  No 
  buildings 
  have 
  been 
  positively 
  identified 
  

   with 
  the 
  Nazca 
  Period, 
  although 
  some 
  simple 
  adobe 
  terraces 
  are 
  asso- 
  

   ciated. 
  These 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  small 
  balls 
  of 
  clay, 
  some 
  roughly 
  shaped 
  as 
  

   hemispheres. 
  Village 
  sites 
  are 
  also 
  unknown. 
  In 
  spite 
  of 
  the 
  fact 
  

   that 
  textiles 
  and 
  ceramics 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  considerable 
  quantity, 
  

   the 
  general 
  impression 
  is 
  that 
  the 
  Nazca 
  Period 
  was 
  not 
  abundantly 
  

   populated 
  or 
  politically 
  well 
  organized. 
  Instead, 
  the 
  picture 
  seems 
  

   to 
  be 
  one 
  of 
  small 
  groups 
  of 
  reasonably 
  prosperous 
  and 
  artistic 
  farmers. 
  

  

  The 
  Nazca 
  culture 
  developed 
  with 
  little 
  outside 
  influence 
  for 
  a 
  

   fairly 
  long 
  time. 
  At 
  least 
  stylistic 
  changes 
  can 
  be 
  noted 
  in 
  the 
  ceramic 
  

   shapes 
  and 
  designs. 
  On 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  these 
  changes, 
  Nazca 
  materials 
  

   have 
  been 
  divided 
  into 
  two 
  major 
  styles 
  or 
  subperiods, 
  designated 
  

   Nazca-A 
  and 
  Nazca-B. 
  The 
  transition 
  style 
  between 
  these 
  two 
  sub- 
  

   periods 
  has 
  been 
  designated 
  Nazca-X. 
  Finally, 
  a 
  later 
  Nazca 
  style, 
  

   which 
  incorporates 
  certain 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  elements, 
  is 
  called 
  Nazca- 
  

   Y. 
  These 
  divisions 
  will 
  be 
  mentioned 
  in 
  more 
  detail 
  in 
  the 
  discussion 
  

   of 
  ceramics. 
  

  

  Cemeteries 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  dry 
  sands 
  along 
  the 
  margins 
  of 
  

   the 
  valleys. 
  The 
  graves, 
  from 
  20 
  inches 
  to 
  15 
  feet 
  (50 
  cm. 
  to 
  4% 
  m.) 
  

   deep, 
  can 
  be 
  roughly 
  described 
  as 
  pot-shaped. 
  Some 
  have 
  a 
  round 
  

   shaft 
  with 
  a 
  squared 
  chamber 
  below 
  and 
  others 
  have 
  a 
  square 
  shaft 
  

   and 
  a 
  round 
  chamber. 
  Some 
  graves 
  are 
  lined 
  with 
  poles 
  or 
  with 
  rough 
  

   stones. 
  The 
  burials 
  are 
  flexed 
  and 
  cloth-wrapped. 
  Many 
  of 
  the 
  skulls 
  

   show 
  longitudinal 
  deformation. 
  The 
  graves 
  also 
  contain 
  ceramics 
  

   and 
  other 
  mortuary 
  objects. 
  

  

  Nazca 
  ceramics 
  can 
  be 
  distinguished 
  from 
  all 
  other 
  Peruvian 
  pe- 
  

   riods 
  by 
  designs, 
  colors, 
  and 
  shapes. 
  The 
  vessels 
  are 
  made 
  by 
  the 
  

   coil 
  technique 
  but 
  show 
  great 
  uniformity 
  in 
  shape 
  and 
  size. 
  All 
  

   vessels 
  are 
  highly 
  polished 
  and 
  have 
  the 
  designs 
  skillfully 
  applied. 
  

   Although 
  some 
  secondary 
  use 
  is 
  made 
  of 
  decorative 
  modeling, 
  Nazca 
  

   pottery 
  is 
  characterized 
  by 
  polychrome 
  painting. 
  In 
  fact, 
  plain 
  

   wares 
  do 
  not 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  grave 
  collections. 
  Eed 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  com- 
  

   mon 
  base 
  color, 
  but 
  white, 
  cream, 
  gray, 
  and 
  buff 
  are 
  also 
  used 
  As 
  

   many 
  as 
  11 
  colors 
  may 
  be 
  employed 
  in 
  the 
  painted 
  design. 
  These 
  

   include 
  two 
  shades 
  each 
  of 
  red, 
  yellow, 
  and 
  brown; 
  and 
  gray, 
  flesh 
  

   color, 
  violet, 
  black, 
  and 
  white. 
  Designs 
  are 
  commonly 
  outlined 
  in 
  

   black, 
  and 
  are 
  frequently 
  described 
  as 
  naturalistic 
  since 
  many 
  can 
  be 
  

   roughly 
  identified. 
  However, 
  Nazca 
  painting 
  is 
  not 
  pictorial, 
  like 
  

   the 
  Mochica, 
  and 
  in 
  general 
  the 
  term 
  realistic 
  does 
  not 
  apply. 
  Among 
  

   the 
  typical 
  designs 
  are 
  found 
  figures 
  representing 
  birds, 
  mice, 
  llamas, 
  

  

  