﻿94 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  bats, 
  fish, 
  rows 
  of 
  human 
  heads, 
  fruits, 
  seeds, 
  various 
  anthropomor- 
  

   phic 
  monsters, 
  and 
  quite 
  a 
  variety 
  of 
  geometric 
  patterns. 
  

  

  The 
  division 
  of 
  the 
  period 
  into 
  Nazca-A 
  and 
  Nazca-B 
  phases 
  is 
  

   based 
  on 
  the 
  association 
  of 
  ceramic 
  shapes 
  and 
  designs. 
  Nazca-A 
  

   vessels 
  (pis. 
  24, 
  top; 
  25, 
  a-c, 
  f) 
  are 
  principally 
  variations 
  of 
  an 
  open 
  

   bowl 
  or 
  a 
  cup 
  shape 
  and 
  a 
  double-spout 
  jar. 
  The 
  double-spout 
  ves- 
  

   sel 
  is 
  bell-shaped 
  with 
  a 
  rounded 
  bottom; 
  on 
  top 
  of 
  this 
  closed 
  con- 
  

   tainer 
  are 
  two 
  short 
  parallel 
  spouts 
  connected 
  by 
  a 
  short 
  flat 
  bridge. 
  

   The 
  commonest 
  shapes 
  of 
  the 
  open 
  vessel 
  are 
  a 
  round-bottom 
  bowl 
  

   with 
  plain 
  rim, 
  a 
  cup 
  bowl 
  with 
  rounded 
  bottom 
  and 
  flaring 
  rim, 
  and 
  

   a 
  slightly 
  deeper 
  flaring 
  bowl. 
  Four-to 
  six-color 
  designs 
  are 
  common. 
  

   In 
  general, 
  designs 
  are 
  naturalistic 
  rather 
  than 
  conventionalized. 
  

   . 
  Birds, 
  plants, 
  and 
  fish 
  are 
  typical, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  some 
  more 
  elaborate 
  de- 
  

   signs, 
  including 
  cat 
  demons, 
  centipedes, 
  and 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  trophy 
  heads. 
  

   Frequent 
  geometric 
  designs 
  are 
  the 
  step 
  fret 
  and 
  step 
  and 
  block. 
  

  

  The 
  Nazca-B 
  (pi. 
  24, 
  third 
  row) 
  specializes 
  in 
  variations 
  on 
  goblet 
  

   and 
  tall 
  vase 
  shapes. 
  There 
  are 
  also 
  bell-shaped 
  vessels 
  topped 
  by 
  a 
  

   spout 
  and 
  a 
  bridge 
  to 
  a 
  modeled 
  head, 
  and 
  variations 
  of 
  face 
  or 
  figure 
  

   jars. 
  In 
  fact, 
  modeling 
  is 
  essentially 
  limited 
  to 
  the 
  Nazca-B. 
  The 
  

   painting 
  is 
  still 
  polychrome, 
  employing 
  some 
  three 
  to 
  eight 
  colors 
  on 
  a 
  

   white 
  or 
  red 
  background. 
  Designs 
  are 
  more 
  conventionalized 
  and 
  

   include 
  a 
  jagged-staffed 
  demon, 
  bands 
  of 
  heads, 
  rows 
  of 
  figures, 
  and 
  

   some 
  interlocking 
  designs. 
  The 
  Nazca-X 
  (pi. 
  24, 
  second 
  row) 
  is 
  clearly 
  

   transitional 
  between 
  the 
  two 
  dominant 
  styles 
  except 
  for 
  a 
  few 
  bowl- 
  

   shaped 
  vessels 
  with 
  narrow 
  mouths. 
  Although 
  these 
  divisions 
  of 
  

   Nazca 
  Period 
  have 
  not 
  been 
  confirmed 
  by 
  good 
  stratigraphic 
  evidence, 
  

   they 
  seem 
  reasonably 
  sound 
  on 
  a 
  stylistic 
  basis. 
  It 
  must 
  be 
  noted, 
  

   however, 
  that 
  some 
  authorities 
  are 
  inclined 
  to 
  place 
  the 
  Nazca-B 
  style 
  

   chronologically 
  before 
  the 
  Nazca-A. 
  

  

  The 
  textile 
  art 
  is 
  highly 
  developed 
  in 
  the 
  Nazca 
  Period. 
  Both 
  

   cotton 
  and 
  wool 
  fibers 
  are 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  weaving. 
  The 
  cotton 
  was 
  

   grown 
  on 
  the 
  Coast 
  but 
  the 
  wool 
  was 
  obtained 
  from 
  the 
  llama, 
  

   alpaca, 
  and 
  vicuna, 
  all 
  Highland 
  animals. 
  This 
  suggests 
  a 
  system 
  

   of 
  Coast-Highland 
  exchange 
  of 
  raw 
  materials 
  even 
  in 
  the 
  Early 
  Pe- 
  

   riods. 
  The 
  textiles 
  present 
  an 
  amazing 
  number 
  of 
  weaving 
  techniques. 
  

   The 
  variety 
  of 
  colors 
  indicates 
  skill 
  in 
  dyeing. 
  In 
  her 
  study 
  of 
  one 
  

   Early 
  Nazca 
  collection, 
  O'Neale 
  (1939) 
  identified 
  190 
  hues 
  in 
  7 
  color 
  

   ranges. 
  Some 
  of 
  these 
  may 
  have 
  resulted 
  from 
  fading, 
  but 
  many 
  

   of 
  them 
  were 
  obviously 
  intentional 
  since 
  they 
  vary 
  in 
  regular 
  design 
  

   sequences. 
  

  

  Embroidery 
  is 
  a 
  characteristic 
  decorative 
  technique, 
  either 
  of 
  the 
  

   outline 
  type 
  for 
  central 
  figures 
  or 
  of 
  the 
  over-all 
  type 
  on 
  borders. 
  

   Tapestry 
  technique 
  is 
  used 
  for 
  small-area 
  decoration. 
  Brocades, 
  

   warp 
  and 
  weft 
  stripes, 
  gauze 
  and 
  lace 
  are 
  common. 
  Needle 
  knitting 
  

   in 
  three 
  dimensions 
  is 
  also 
  characteristic. 
  The 
  textile 
  designs 
  in 
  

  

  