﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  109 
  

  

  THE 
  EARLY 
  PERIODS: 
  SOUTH 
  HIGHLANDS 
  AND 
  BOLIVIA 
  

  

  In 
  most 
  parts 
  of 
  Peru, 
  the 
  Early 
  Periods 
  are 
  those 
  which 
  come 
  

   between 
  the 
  pan-Peruvian 
  Chavin 
  and 
  Tiahuanaco 
  horizons. 
  The 
  

   South 
  Highlands, 
  including 
  the 
  Puno 
  Department 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  the 
  

   altiplano 
  of 
  Bolivia, 
  are 
  more 
  difficult 
  to 
  analyze 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  terms 
  

   since 
  the 
  Chavin 
  horizon 
  has 
  not 
  yet 
  been 
  found 
  there, 
  and 
  since 
  they 
  

   are 
  the 
  center 
  of 
  development 
  of 
  Tiahuanaco 
  culture. 
  Consequently, 
  

   the 
  designation 
  Early 
  Period 
  in 
  the 
  South 
  Highlands 
  is 
  here 
  used 
  for 
  

   cultures 
  which 
  were 
  apparently 
  developed 
  before 
  the 
  era 
  of 
  Tiahua- 
  

   naco 
  expansion. 
  Unfortunately, 
  sharp 
  distinctions 
  cannot 
  always 
  

   be 
  made. 
  The 
  following 
  cultures 
  are 
  here 
  considered 
  Early 
  Pe- 
  

   riods, 
  either 
  in 
  whole 
  or 
  in 
  part: 
  Early 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  Classic 
  Tiahua- 
  

   naco, 
  Chiripa, 
  and 
  Pucara. 
  

  

  The 
  term 
  Tiahuanaco 
  is 
  used 
  as 
  the 
  name 
  for 
  a 
  site 
  in 
  Bolivia, 
  as 
  

   the 
  name 
  for 
  a 
  style, 
  and 
  as 
  the 
  name 
  for 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  periods. 
  In 
  its 
  

   total 
  connotation, 
  Tiahuanaco 
  is 
  exceedingly 
  important 
  in 
  Peru- 
  

   Bolivia 
  archeology. 
  In 
  discussion, 
  Tiahuanaco 
  must 
  logically 
  be 
  

   divided 
  into 
  two 
  phases: 
  first, 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  an 
  Early 
  Pe- 
  

   riod 
  in 
  the 
  South 
  Highlands; 
  second, 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  representing 
  

   the 
  expansion 
  of 
  the 
  style 
  which 
  characterizes 
  the 
  Middle 
  Periods 
  

   throughout 
  much 
  of 
  Peru. 
  Although 
  these 
  two 
  phases 
  are 
  undeni- 
  

   ably 
  related, 
  all 
  authorities 
  agree 
  that 
  the 
  Coastal 
  Tiahuanaco 
  is 
  

   more 
  than 
  a 
  simple 
  extension 
  of 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco. 
  

  

  In 
  general, 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Periods 
  are 
  important 
  wherever 
  found. 
  

   In 
  Bolivia, 
  the 
  ruins 
  at 
  the 
  Tiahuanaco 
  site 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  elaborate 
  

   of 
  any 
  found 
  in 
  that 
  country. 
  On 
  the 
  Coast, 
  although 
  imposing 
  

   ruins 
  have 
  not 
  as 
  yet 
  been 
  associated, 
  ceramics, 
  textiles, 
  and 
  other 
  

   artifacts 
  are 
  numerous 
  and 
  elaborate. 
  The 
  Tiahuanaco 
  style 
  spreads 
  

   over 
  a 
  wide 
  area, 
  including 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peru, 
  the 
  North 
  

   Highlands 
  of 
  Peru, 
  North 
  Chile, 
  the 
  Eastern 
  Cordillera 
  of 
  Bolivia, 
  

   and 
  possibly 
  parts 
  of 
  Ecuador 
  and 
  Northwest 
  Argentina. 
  This 
  wide 
  

   expansion, 
  particularly 
  in 
  Eastern 
  Bolivia, 
  may 
  allow 
  cross-dating 
  

   with 
  non-Andean 
  archeological 
  periods. 
  In 
  other 
  words, 
  a 
  careful 
  

   Tiahuanaco 
  sequence 
  might 
  provide 
  a 
  key 
  for 
  relative 
  dating 
  of 
  a 
  

   major 
  part 
  of 
  South 
  American 
  archeology. 
  

  

  The 
  site 
  of 
  Tiahuanaco 
  is 
  located 
  about 
  34 
  miles 
  (21 
  km.) 
  south 
  of 
  

   Lake 
  Titicaca. 
  The 
  principal 
  ruins 
  cover 
  an 
  area 
  about 
  3,275 
  feet 
  

   (1,000 
  m.) 
  east 
  to 
  west 
  and 
  1,475 
  feet 
  (450 
  m.) 
  north 
  to 
  south. 
  The 
  

   largest 
  structure, 
  called 
  Acapana, 
  is 
  a 
  natural 
  mound 
  artificially 
  re- 
  

   shaped 
  and 
  once 
  stone-faced 
  as 
  a 
  stepped 
  pyramid. 
  The 
  ground 
  

   plan 
  has 
  a 
  stepped 
  pattern 
  with 
  over-all 
  dimensions 
  of 
  690 
  by 
  690 
  

   feet 
  (210 
  by 
  210 
  m.), 
  and 
  the 
  height 
  is 
  about 
  50 
  feet 
  (15 
  m.). 
  A 
  large 
  

   excavated 
  depression 
  on 
  the 
  top 
  served 
  as 
  a 
  reservoir, 
  judging 
  by 
  the 
  

   remains 
  of 
  a 
  dressed-stone 
  overflow. 
  House 
  foundations 
  are 
  also 
  

  

  