﻿110 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  found 
  on 
  top 
  of 
  the 
  mound, 
  and 
  some 
  suggest 
  that 
  the 
  structure 
  was 
  

   intended 
  as 
  a 
  fortress 
  or 
  a 
  temporary 
  place 
  of 
  refuge. 
  

  

  Northwest 
  of 
  Acapana 
  is 
  a 
  large 
  construction 
  called 
  Calasasaya. 
  

   Today 
  this 
  consists 
  of 
  dressed-stone 
  uprights 
  enclosing 
  a 
  rectangu- 
  

   lar 
  area 
  about 
  445 
  by 
  425 
  feet 
  (135 
  by 
  130 
  m.). 
  Much 
  archeological 
  

   evidence 
  suggests 
  that 
  this 
  construction 
  was 
  once 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  a 
  

   terreplein 
  with 
  a 
  stone 
  facing 
  wall 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  uprights 
  are 
  about 
  

   all 
  that 
  remains. 
  It 
  is 
  certain, 
  however, 
  that 
  small, 
  well-cut 
  stones 
  

   were 
  used 
  to 
  complete 
  the 
  wall 
  between 
  the 
  uprights. 
  In 
  the 
  center 
  

   of 
  the 
  western 
  wall 
  is 
  a 
  stairway 
  composed 
  of 
  some 
  six 
  massive 
  steps, 
  

   which 
  leads 
  to 
  an 
  interior 
  sunken 
  court 
  some 
  195 
  by 
  210 
  feet 
  (60 
  by 
  

   64 
  m.) 
  in 
  size. 
  The 
  decorated, 
  monolithic 
  gateway 
  commonly 
  called 
  

   the 
  "Gate 
  of 
  the 
  Sun" 
  and 
  various 
  carved 
  statues 
  are 
  found 
  at 
  

   Calasasaya. 
  

  

  West 
  of 
  Calasasaya 
  is 
  the 
  "Palacio" 
  enclosure, 
  195 
  by 
  180 
  feet 
  

   (60 
  by 
  55 
  m.), 
  once 
  surrounded 
  by 
  double 
  walls. 
  East 
  of 
  Calasasaya 
  

   is 
  a 
  semisubterranean 
  construction, 
  70 
  by 
  75 
  feet 
  (21 
  by 
  22 
  m.), 
  

   faced 
  with 
  miscellaneous 
  uprights 
  and 
  small 
  stones. 
  Carved 
  stone 
  

   heads 
  on 
  tenons 
  or 
  on 
  blocks 
  were 
  inserted 
  in 
  the 
  walls. 
  Some 
  

   writers 
  consider 
  this 
  building 
  as 
  early, 
  but 
  it 
  has 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  a 
  

   late 
  construction 
  in 
  which 
  stones 
  and 
  stone 
  sculpture 
  were 
  collected 
  

   from 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  ruins 
  and 
  reassembled. 
  Well 
  outside 
  of 
  the 
  

   main 
  group 
  of 
  the 
  ruins 
  is 
  a 
  unit 
  called 
  Puma 
  Puncu. 
  This 
  consists 
  

   of 
  many 
  large 
  sandstone 
  and 
  lava 
  blocks 
  which 
  form 
  a 
  platform 
  with 
  

   a 
  row 
  of 
  low 
  seats 
  along 
  the 
  eastern 
  side. 
  Nearby 
  are 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  

   numerous 
  monolithic 
  gateways, 
  all 
  of 
  them 
  broken 
  and 
  out 
  of 
  place. 
  

  

  The 
  architectural 
  features 
  of 
  the 
  Tiahuanaco 
  site 
  can 
  be 
  summed 
  

   up 
  as 
  follows: 
  (1) 
  Sandstone 
  and 
  basalt 
  are 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  construction. 
  

   Both 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  constructions 
  of 
  Calasasaya, 
  Puma 
  Puncu, 
  

   Acapana, 
  and 
  the 
  Palacio. 
  Although 
  some 
  archeologists 
  have 
  sug- 
  

   gested 
  that 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  sandstone 
  precedes 
  that 
  of 
  basalt, 
  the 
  evidence 
  

   is 
  not 
  clear. 
  (2) 
  Construction 
  work 
  is 
  commonly 
  of 
  platform 
  type, 
  

   as 
  illustrated 
  by 
  the 
  stone-faced 
  pyramid 
  of 
  Acapana, 
  the 
  terreplein 
  

   of 
  Calasasaya, 
  and 
  the 
  open 
  platform 
  of 
  Puma 
  Puncu. 
  (3) 
  Mass 
  is 
  

   the 
  characteristic 
  effect 
  in 
  the 
  constructions. 
  (4) 
  The 
  facing 
  tech- 
  

   nique 
  is 
  that 
  of 
  uprights 
  set 
  at 
  intervals 
  and 
  filled 
  in 
  between 
  with 
  

   smaller 
  fitted 
  stone. 
  (5) 
  The 
  masonry 
  is 
  of 
  well 
  squared 
  and 
  dressed 
  

   stone 
  blocks 
  and 
  slabs, 
  commonly 
  fitted 
  by 
  angular 
  notches 
  and 
  

   joints. 
  Copper 
  cramps 
  were 
  used 
  for 
  joining 
  blocks. 
  (6) 
  Stairways 
  

   are 
  common. 
  (7) 
  Carved 
  stones 
  are 
  used 
  as 
  an 
  architectural 
  feature, 
  

   either 
  in 
  the 
  form 
  of 
  stone 
  heads 
  on 
  blocks 
  or 
  as 
  decorated 
  facades. 
  

   The 
  statues 
  found 
  around 
  the 
  ruins 
  might 
  also 
  have 
  had 
  architectural 
  

   functions. 
  (8) 
  Monolithic 
  gateways 
  are 
  typical. 
  (9) 
  Both 
  surface 
  

   and 
  underground 
  canals 
  are 
  common. 
  (10) 
  Although 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  

  

  