﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  115 
  

  

  complex 
  has 
  a 
  limited 
  distribution 
  in 
  the 
  Highlands 
  of 
  Bolivia 
  and 
  

   the 
  South 
  Highlands 
  of 
  Peru. 
  However, 
  a 
  closely 
  related 
  derived 
  

   style 
  is 
  widespread 
  and 
  forms 
  the 
  basis 
  of 
  the 
  Middle 
  Periods. 
  Thus, 
  

   it 
  is 
  logical 
  to 
  assume 
  that 
  at 
  least 
  a 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  Classic 
  Tiahuanaco 
  

   was 
  contemporaneous 
  with 
  such 
  pre-Middle 
  Periods 
  as 
  Nazca 
  and 
  

   Mochica. 
  In 
  Bolivia, 
  it 
  remains 
  as 
  the 
  dominant 
  culture 
  almost 
  to 
  

   Inca 
  times. 
  

  

  Most 
  of 
  the 
  masonry 
  at 
  the 
  site 
  of 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  Group 
  

   Two 
  stone 
  carving, 
  is 
  assigned 
  to 
  the 
  Classic 
  Period. 
  Quantities 
  of 
  

   ceramics 
  are 
  found 
  at 
  the 
  site 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  nearby 
  cemeteries. 
  Unfortu- 
  

   nately, 
  few 
  descriptions 
  of 
  graves 
  have 
  been 
  published. 
  Some 
  flexed 
  

   burials 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  in 
  simple 
  unlined 
  graves, 
  accompanied 
  by 
  

   four 
  or 
  more 
  ceramic 
  vessels. 
  However, 
  in 
  the 
  Cochabamba 
  region 
  

   of 
  Bolivia, 
  burials 
  are 
  in 
  stone-lined 
  box 
  graves 
  with 
  stone 
  covers. 
  

  

  Classic 
  Tiahuanaco 
  ceramics 
  (fig. 
  10; 
  pis. 
  35; 
  36, 
  top) 
  conform 
  

   generally 
  to 
  eight 
  major 
  shape 
  types. 
  (1) 
  Smooth, 
  flaring-sided 
  

   goblets 
  with 
  flat 
  bases. 
  (2) 
  Hollow-based 
  libation 
  bowls 
  with 
  two 
  

   vertical 
  side 
  handles; 
  some 
  have 
  wavy 
  rims. 
  (3) 
  Modeled 
  puma 
  or 
  

   llama 
  vessels, 
  apparently 
  used 
  for 
  some 
  kind 
  of 
  incense. 
  (4) 
  Flat- 
  

   based 
  open 
  bowls 
  with 
  squat 
  bodies 
  and 
  wide 
  flaring 
  rims. 
  The 
  

   design 
  is 
  usually 
  painted 
  on 
  the 
  inside 
  of 
  the 
  rim. 
  (5) 
  Vases. 
  (6) 
  

   Open 
  bowls 
  with 
  narrow 
  flaring 
  rims. 
  (7) 
  Flat-based 
  flaring-sided 
  

   cups. 
  (8) 
  Kound-based 
  flaring-sided 
  cups. 
  Most 
  vessels 
  have 
  simple 
  

   outlines 
  without 
  applique" 
  adornos 
  and 
  usually 
  without 
  handles. 
  

   Modeled 
  vessels 
  are 
  infrequent. 
  

  

  Polychrome 
  painted 
  design 
  employing 
  black 
  and 
  white 
  on 
  a 
  red 
  

   slip 
  base 
  is 
  typical. 
  A 
  standard 
  technique 
  is 
  to 
  outline 
  the 
  design 
  

   figure 
  in 
  black 
  or 
  white 
  and 
  then 
  fill 
  in 
  with 
  other 
  colors, 
  such 
  as 
  

   yellow, 
  gray, 
  and 
  brown. 
  The 
  colors 
  are 
  rich 
  and 
  well-applied, 
  and 
  

   the 
  whole 
  vessel 
  is 
  well 
  polished. 
  The 
  designs 
  are 
  conventionalized 
  

   and 
  limited 
  in 
  scope. 
  Geometric 
  designs, 
  such 
  as 
  the 
  step 
  or 
  step 
  

   and 
  scroll, 
  are 
  likewise 
  frequent. 
  A 
  puma 
  figure, 
  an 
  elaborate 
  con- 
  

   dor, 
  and 
  a 
  human 
  figure 
  or 
  head 
  are 
  all 
  common. 
  Most 
  are 
  in 
  profile, 
  

   and 
  are 
  repeated 
  around 
  the 
  vessel. 
  Other 
  designs 
  occur 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  

   combinations 
  of 
  pumas 
  and 
  condors, 
  but, 
  in 
  comparison 
  with 
  other 
  

   ceramic 
  styles 
  of 
  the 
  Peru-Bolivia 
  region, 
  the 
  range 
  is 
  limited. 
  

  

  Gold, 
  silver, 
  copper, 
  and 
  bronze 
  were 
  all 
  utilized. 
  Copper 
  and 
  

   bronze 
  were 
  cast 
  into 
  T-shaped 
  and 
  I-shaped 
  cramps, 
  axes, 
  pins, 
  and 
  

   knives. 
  Some 
  archeologists 
  credit 
  this 
  period 
  with 
  the 
  invention 
  and 
  

   distribution 
  of 
  bronze. 
  Gold 
  and 
  silver 
  were 
  decorated 
  with 
  relief 
  

   designs, 
  augmented 
  by 
  incised 
  lines. 
  Gold 
  plaques, 
  cups, 
  masks, 
  and 
  

   small 
  cut-outs 
  have 
  been 
  found. 
  

  

  Stone 
  artifacts 
  are 
  numerous 
  and 
  varied. 
  There 
  are 
  incised 
  and 
  

   plain 
  bowls, 
  flat 
  snuff-tablets 
  with 
  incised 
  designs, 
  and 
  more 
  utilitarian 
  

   objects 
  such 
  as 
  clubs, 
  pounders, 
  polishers, 
  and 
  T-shaped 
  or 
  grooved 
  

  

  