﻿130 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  is 
  a 
  good 
  suggestion, 
  but 
  the 
  hypothetical 
  site 
  has 
  yet 
  to 
  be 
  found. 
  2 
  A 
  

   second 
  is 
  that 
  such 
  well-known 
  sites 
  as 
  Pachacamac 
  and 
  Anc6n 
  are 
  not 
  

   the 
  real 
  centers 
  of 
  contact 
  of 
  Highland 
  and 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco. 
  Again 
  

   this 
  hypothetical 
  coastal 
  center 
  which 
  would 
  explain 
  all 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  

   discovered. 
  A 
  third, 
  already 
  mentioned 
  above, 
  attempts 
  to 
  explain 
  

   the 
  relationship 
  in 
  terms 
  of 
  the 
  transfer 
  of 
  textiles 
  and 
  their 
  designs. 
  

   As 
  has 
  previously 
  been 
  mentioned, 
  this 
  does 
  not 
  explain 
  the 
  total 
  ce- 
  

   ramic 
  situation. 
  A 
  fourth 
  reverses 
  the 
  process 
  and 
  claims 
  that 
  Coast 
  

   Tiahuanaco 
  is 
  a 
  local 
  outgrowth 
  of 
  Nazca, 
  which 
  then 
  spreads 
  to 
  the 
  

   Highlands. 
  According 
  to 
  this 
  explanation 
  the 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco 
  

   plain-stone 
  masonry 
  was 
  later 
  influenced 
  by 
  Coast 
  textile 
  design. 
  It 
  

   is 
  true 
  that 
  the 
  intricate, 
  fine-line 
  incision 
  on 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco 
  

   stonework 
  is 
  amazingly 
  incongruous. 
  On 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  the 
  stages 
  

   of 
  development 
  from 
  Nazca 
  to 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  are 
  still 
  hypothetical. 
  

   The 
  pan-Peruvian 
  Tiahuanaco 
  horizon 
  does 
  not 
  seem 
  due 
  to 
  a 
  mass 
  

   migration 
  from 
  the 
  Bolivian 
  Highlands 
  to 
  the 
  Coast. 
  At 
  least, 
  the 
  

   differences 
  are 
  greater 
  than 
  one 
  would 
  expect 
  under 
  such 
  circumstan- 
  

   ces. 
  Furthermore, 
  Highland 
  masonry 
  and 
  stone 
  carving 
  are 
  not 
  

   found 
  on 
  the 
  Coast. 
  Archeological 
  evidence 
  does 
  not 
  even 
  indicate 
  

   that 
  the 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco-A 
  was 
  a 
  politically 
  united 
  empire, 
  such 
  as 
  

   the 
  Later 
  Inca 
  Period. 
  An 
  alternative 
  to 
  political 
  unity 
  might 
  be 
  

   unity 
  in 
  religion. 
  The 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco 
  type 
  site 
  has 
  frequently 
  

   been 
  interpreted 
  as 
  a 
  religious 
  center. 
  The 
  spread 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  domi- 
  

   nant 
  religion 
  with 
  its 
  conventionalized 
  design 
  symbols 
  would 
  account 
  

   for 
  much 
  of 
  the 
  Highland-Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  relationship. 
  It 
  would 
  

   explain 
  in 
  part 
  the 
  spread 
  of 
  the 
  design 
  style 
  without 
  the 
  accompany- 
  

   ing 
  evidence 
  of 
  political 
  unity. 
  However, 
  these 
  questions 
  still 
  remain 
  

   unanswered. 
  

  

  THE 
  MIDDLE 
  PERIODS: 
  NORTH 
  HIGHLANDS 
  

  

  The 
  Peruvian 
  Andes 
  have 
  furnished 
  little 
  evidence 
  for 
  the 
  distri- 
  

   bution 
  of 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco 
  culture. 
  Dressed-stone 
  masonry 
  

   and 
  stone 
  carving 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  many 
  places, 
  but 
  the 
  relationship 
  with 
  

   Tiahuanaco 
  is 
  not 
  specific. 
  In 
  spite 
  of 
  a 
  considerable 
  amount 
  of 
  

   exploration 
  and 
  excavation 
  in 
  the 
  Central 
  Highlands 
  near 
  Cuzco, 
  no 
  

   Tiahuanaco 
  Period 
  has 
  yet 
  been 
  isolated. 
  In 
  the 
  North 
  Highlands, 
  

   Chavin 
  is 
  frequently 
  compared 
  with 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  but 
  whatever 
  rela- 
  

   tionships 
  exist 
  are 
  certainly 
  not 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  a 
  direct 
  spread 
  of 
  a 
  

   Bolivian 
  culture. 
  Kecuay 
  too 
  has 
  stone 
  buildings 
  and 
  stone 
  carv- 
  

   ings 
  which 
  bear 
  some 
  resemblance 
  to 
  Highland 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  but 
  do 
  

   not 
  suggest 
  direct 
  contacts. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  Callej6n 
  de 
  Huaylas 
  in 
  the 
  North 
  Highlands, 
  some 
  ceramics 
  

   are 
  clearly 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  in 
  shape 
  and 
  design. 
  

   These 
  include 
  flaring- 
  or 
  straight-sided 
  goblets, 
  round-bottom 
  cups, 
  

  

  1 
  Recently, 
  Dr. 
  Tello 
  has 
  uncovered 
  a 
  site 
  near 
  Ayacucho 
  which 
  may 
  well 
  be 
  the 
  key 
  to 
  the 
  problem. 
  

  

  