﻿132 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  B. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  mon 
  in 
  the 
  North 
  Highlands 
  and 
  does 
  not 
  necessarily 
  imply 
  direct 
  

   relationship 
  to 
  the 
  earlier 
  period. 
  

  

  Copper 
  pins, 
  a 
  wooden 
  point 
  with 
  a 
  gold-leaf 
  overlay, 
  stone 
  beads, 
  

   hammerstones, 
  and 
  chipped 
  flint 
  and 
  obsidian 
  points 
  are 
  all 
  associated 
  

   with 
  the 
  Wilkawain-Tiahuanaco 
  culture. 
  Perhaps 
  the 
  carved 
  stone 
  

   puma 
  heads 
  on 
  tenons 
  should 
  also 
  be 
  included. 
  

  

  This 
  North 
  Highland 
  extension 
  of 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  influence 
  sug- 
  

   gests 
  that 
  contacts 
  were 
  frequent. 
  It 
  is 
  also 
  known 
  that 
  the 
  North 
  

   Highland 
  influence 
  was 
  affecting 
  the 
  Coast 
  at 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  time. 
  

   Such 
  exchanges 
  aid 
  greatly 
  in 
  the 
  cross-dating. 
  

  

  maran6n 
  

  

  The 
  little-known 
  Marafion 
  style 
  in 
  the 
  North 
  Highlands 
  is 
  generally 
  

   considered 
  as 
  pertaining 
  to 
  the 
  Middle 
  Periods. 
  It 
  is 
  characterized 
  

   by 
  shallow 
  bowls 
  and 
  tripod 
  plates, 
  painted 
  on 
  the 
  inside 
  in 
  a 
  cursive 
  

   style. 
  The 
  colors 
  are 
  variants 
  of 
  brown, 
  red, 
  and 
  tan, 
  and 
  the 
  prin- 
  

   cipal 
  designs 
  include 
  a 
  dragonlike 
  animal 
  and 
  elaborate 
  geometric 
  

   elements 
  such 
  as 
  steps, 
  scrolls, 
  frets, 
  and 
  diamonds. 
  Similarly 
  deco- 
  

   rated 
  fragments 
  have 
  been 
  found 
  around 
  Cajamarca, 
  and 
  the 
  style 
  

   is 
  sometimes 
  named 
  after 
  that 
  town. 
  Occasional 
  pieces 
  have 
  been 
  

   found 
  on 
  the 
  North 
  Coast 
  of 
  Peru 
  (fig. 
  16) 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Huaraz. 
  

  

  MEDDLE 
  HUAMACHUCO 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  far 
  North 
  Highlands, 
  near 
  the 
  towns 
  of 
  Huamachuco 
  and 
  

   Cajabamba, 
  three 
  cultural 
  periods 
  are 
  distinguished. 
  The 
  earliest 
  

   is 
  found 
  at 
  the 
  ruins 
  of 
  Marca 
  Huamachuco 
  and 
  designated 
  as 
  a 
  Mid- 
  

   dle 
  Period 
  style. 
  Massive 
  stone 
  walls 
  of 
  pirca 
  construction, 
  rising 
  

   as 
  much 
  as 
  three 
  stories 
  in 
  height, 
  are 
  identified 
  with 
  this 
  period. 
  

   Stone 
  sculpture 
  is 
  also 
  included. 
  There 
  are 
  crested 
  animal 
  heads 
  

   with 
  tenons, 
  and 
  likewise 
  human 
  heads 
  with 
  earplugs 
  and 
  ornamented 
  

   headdresses. 
  Blocks 
  are 
  carved 
  with 
  relief 
  geometric 
  and 
  animal 
  

   patterns. 
  The 
  ceramics 
  may 
  be 
  plain 
  red 
  slip, 
  two-color 
  negative, 
  

   or 
  white 
  paste 
  with 
  red 
  and 
  black 
  cursive 
  designs. 
  The 
  latter 
  are 
  

   similar 
  to 
  the 
  Marafion 
  style 
  of 
  ceramics. 
  

  

  THE 
  MIDDLE 
  PERIODS: 
  SOUTH 
  HIGHLANDS 
  AND 
  BOLIVIA 
  

   DECADENT 
  TIAHUANACO 
  

  

  Following 
  the 
  spread 
  of 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  return 
  to 
  local, 
  re- 
  

   gional 
  styles. 
  InBolivia, 
  a 
  Decadent 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Period 
  can 
  be 
  isolated 
  

   which, 
  although 
  related 
  to 
  the 
  Classic 
  Tiahuanaco, 
  is 
  technically 
  in- 
  

   ferior. 
  Whether 
  Decadent 
  Tiahuanaco 
  should 
  be 
  classified 
  as 
  a 
  

   Middle 
  Period 
  or 
  a 
  Late 
  Period 
  is 
  uncertain. 
  It 
  is 
  clearly 
  pre-7nca 
  

   and 
  post-Classic 
  in 
  the 
  stratigraphic 
  excavations. 
  Likewise, 
  it 
  has 
  

   no 
  definite 
  connections 
  with 
  the 
  Coast 
  Tiahuanaco 
  Periods. 
  

  

  