﻿140 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  bull. 
  143 
  

  

  and 
  consist 
  of 
  at 
  least 
  10 
  large 
  walled-in 
  units, 
  arranged 
  roughly 
  

   within 
  a 
  rectangular 
  area 
  with 
  the 
  narrow 
  end 
  toward 
  the 
  sea. 
  Be- 
  

   tween 
  these 
  units, 
  frequently 
  called 
  " 
  palaces," 
  are 
  irrigated 
  areas, 
  

   reservoirs, 
  and 
  other 
  ruins. 
  Some 
  cemeteries 
  are 
  found 
  within 
  the 
  

   city, 
  but 
  others 
  are 
  on 
  the 
  sandy 
  section 
  which 
  borders 
  the 
  ocean. 
  

   Also 
  near 
  the 
  shore 
  are 
  deep 
  cuts 
  down 
  to 
  the 
  water 
  level 
  in 
  which 
  

   totora 
  reeds 
  grow. 
  

  

  The 
  units 
  within 
  the 
  city 
  quite 
  possibly 
  represent 
  subdivisions 
  

   of 
  Chimu 
  society, 
  such 
  as 
  clans. 
  Each 
  unit 
  differs 
  from 
  every 
  other 
  

   in 
  detail, 
  but 
  all 
  have 
  certain 
  features 
  in 
  common. 
  They 
  are 
  all 
  

   walled-in, 
  and 
  some 
  have 
  two 
  or 
  three 
  enclosure 
  walls. 
  The 
  Tschudi 
  

   group 
  covers 
  an 
  area 
  1,600 
  by 
  1,100 
  feet 
  (480 
  by 
  355 
  m.) 
  and 
  its 
  en- 
  

   closure 
  walls 
  still 
  stand 
  over 
  30 
  feet 
  (9 
  m.) 
  high. 
  Almost 
  every 
  unit 
  

   contains 
  a 
  stone-lined 
  reservoir, 
  irrigated 
  gardens, 
  streets, 
  houses 
  of 
  

   which 
  some 
  had 
  gabled 
  roofs, 
  pyramids, 
  cemeteries, 
  and 
  rows 
  of 
  

   cut-out 
  cells 
  which 
  have 
  been 
  called 
  prisons. 
  

  

  The 
  building 
  materials 
  are 
  large 
  and 
  small 
  rectangular 
  adobes 
  with 
  

   rounded 
  tops, 
  puddled 
  clay, 
  or 
  tapia, 
  and 
  a 
  composition 
  material 
  of 
  

   clay, 
  shell, 
  and 
  stone. 
  In 
  some 
  places, 
  walls 
  are 
  built 
  on 
  rough 
  stone 
  

   foundations 
  and 
  reinforced 
  with 
  algarrobo 
  logs. 
  The 
  occasional 
  rains 
  

   on 
  the 
  North 
  Coast 
  have 
  destroyed 
  much 
  of 
  Chanchan. 
  There 
  are 
  

   still 
  visible, 
  however, 
  traces 
  of 
  wall 
  paintings, 
  walls 
  decorated 
  by 
  niches 
  

   or 
  by 
  special 
  arrangements 
  of 
  adobe 
  blocks, 
  and 
  walls 
  with 
  relief 
  clay 
  

   arabesques 
  cut 
  out 
  of 
  a 
  thick 
  clay 
  plaster 
  (pi. 
  52, 
  bottom). 
  The 
  small 
  

   design 
  units 
  represent 
  birds, 
  fish, 
  small 
  figures, 
  and 
  some 
  geometric 
  

   elements, 
  all 
  apparently 
  derived 
  from 
  textile 
  patterns. 
  

  

  The 
  arrangement 
  and 
  the 
  magnitude 
  of 
  the 
  Chimu 
  cities 
  suggest 
  

   a 
  developed 
  social 
  and 
  political 
  organization, 
  and 
  this 
  is 
  partly 
  con- 
  

   firmed 
  by 
  the 
  traditional 
  Inca 
  histories. 
  Individual 
  distinctions 
  in 
  

   rank 
  are 
  portrayed 
  in 
  the 
  ceramic 
  designs 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  degree 
  of 
  elab- 
  

   orateness 
  in 
  burial. 
  Unfortunately, 
  the 
  Chimu 
  ceramics 
  do 
  not 
  depict 
  

   the 
  wealth 
  of 
  detail 
  found 
  in 
  the 
  Mochica 
  Period. 
  

  

  Typical 
  Chimu 
  graves 
  are 
  unlined 
  shafts 
  which 
  may 
  be 
  marked 
  by 
  

   long 
  sticks 
  or 
  paddles. 
  Burials 
  are 
  commonly 
  in 
  a 
  seated 
  flexed 
  

   position, 
  wrapped 
  in 
  cloth. 
  Extended 
  burials 
  or 
  burials 
  flexed 
  and 
  

   lying 
  on 
  their 
  sides 
  are 
  variants. 
  Burials 
  are 
  accompanied 
  by 
  ceramic 
  

   and 
  other 
  grave 
  furniture 
  such 
  as 
  metal, 
  cloth, 
  bone, 
  shell, 
  wood, 
  and 
  

   calabash 
  artifacts. 
  Preservation 
  in 
  the 
  Late 
  Period 
  is 
  much 
  better 
  

   than 
  in 
  the 
  Early. 
  

  

  Chimu 
  ceramics 
  (pi. 
  49) 
  are 
  fairly 
  difficult 
  to 
  characterize, 
  since, 
  

   in 
  spite 
  of 
  a 
  certain 
  basic 
  unity, 
  they 
  vary 
  greatly 
  in 
  shapes 
  and 
  

   designs. 
  Black 
  ware 
  and 
  monochrome 
  red 
  ware 
  are 
  characteristic, 
  

   although 
  some 
  painted 
  ware 
  is 
  found, 
  particularly 
  in 
  the 
  Inca 
  phase. 
  

   Many 
  of 
  the 
  vessels 
  are 
  mold-made 
  and 
  are 
  decorated 
  by 
  pressed 
  

  

  