﻿Vol.2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  BENNETT 
  143 
  

  

  Archeological 
  evidence 
  confirms 
  the 
  historical 
  accounts 
  of 
  the 
  

   center 
  and 
  spread 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  Empire. 
  That 
  the 
  Cuzco 
  region 
  was 
  

   the 
  major 
  center 
  is 
  indicated 
  by 
  the 
  numerous 
  important 
  cities 
  found 
  

   there, 
  and 
  by 
  the 
  quantity 
  of 
  excellent 
  Inca 
  stone 
  masonry. 
  Un- 
  

   doubtedly, 
  the 
  Cuzco 
  region 
  was 
  occupied 
  by 
  peoples 
  in 
  -pre-Inca 
  

   times, 
  but 
  extensive 
  archeological 
  exploration 
  has 
  so 
  far 
  uncovered 
  

   virtually 
  nothing 
  except 
  pure 
  Inca 
  materials. 
  As 
  mentioned 
  above, 
  

   the 
  distribution 
  of 
  Inca 
  style 
  can 
  be 
  traced 
  by 
  archeological 
  evidence, 
  

   and 
  Inca 
  mixture 
  with 
  local 
  styles 
  is 
  easily 
  demonstrated. 
  In 
  other 
  

   words, 
  even 
  without 
  historical 
  documentation, 
  the 
  archeological 
  

   materials 
  would 
  reflect 
  the 
  powerful 
  influence 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  throughout 
  

   the 
  whole 
  area 
  and 
  the 
  wide 
  spread 
  of 
  the 
  typical 
  Cuzco 
  style 
  would 
  

   suggest 
  conquest. 
  Ceramics 
  are 
  the 
  best 
  Inca 
  diagnostic, 
  but 
  textiles, 
  

   metalwork, 
  stonework, 
  and 
  architecture 
  likewise 
  verify 
  this 
  spread. 
  

   Even 
  the 
  Inca 
  emphasis 
  on 
  organization 
  is 
  reflected 
  in 
  the 
  arche- 
  

   ological 
  remains. 
  Textiles 
  and 
  ceramics 
  lose 
  their 
  individual 
  charac- 
  

   ter 
  and 
  seem 
  more 
  the 
  result 
  of 
  mass 
  production. 
  Inca 
  building 
  

   styles 
  in 
  the 
  late 
  phases 
  indicate 
  the 
  emphasis 
  on 
  organized 
  unit 
  labor. 
  

  

  Little 
  is 
  known 
  about 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  style. 
  Some 
  have 
  

   suggested 
  that 
  it 
  grew 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  Atacameno 
  culture 
  in 
  the 
  south, 
  or 
  

   the 
  Chincha 
  culture 
  on 
  the 
  Coast, 
  but 
  the 
  evidence 
  is 
  not 
  convincing. 
  

   Excavations 
  in 
  the 
  Cuzco 
  region 
  have 
  so 
  far 
  revealed 
  only 
  one 
  defi- 
  

   nitely 
  pTe-Inca 
  period, 
  the 
  Chanapata 
  (pi. 
  54). 
  This 
  period 
  has 
  now 
  

   been 
  found 
  at 
  several 
  sites 
  marked 
  by 
  retaining 
  walls 
  of 
  field 
  stones 
  

   laid 
  in 
  mud, 
  and 
  sunken 
  courts, 
  but 
  no 
  dressed 
  stone 
  or 
  carving. 
  Bur- 
  

   ials 
  are 
  in 
  a 
  seated 
  flexed 
  position, 
  but 
  without 
  accompanying 
  grave 
  

   goods. 
  No 
  metals 
  are 
  associated, 
  but 
  bone 
  tools, 
  obsidian 
  points, 
  

   ground 
  stone, 
  and 
  spear-thrower 
  points 
  are 
  found. 
  The 
  pottery 
  

   includes 
  a 
  polished 
  black 
  ware 
  with 
  applique 
  and 
  incised 
  designs, 
  

   and 
  White-on-red 
  ware. 
  Flat 
  plates 
  and 
  straight-sided 
  bowls 
  with 
  

   thickened 
  rims 
  are 
  typical. 
  Chanapata 
  probably 
  belongs 
  with 
  the 
  

   Early 
  Periods, 
  and 
  certainly 
  does 
  not 
  explain 
  the 
  later 
  Inca 
  de- 
  

   velopment. 
  

  

  According 
  to 
  traditional 
  history, 
  the 
  Inca 
  had 
  occupied 
  the 
  Cuzco 
  

   region 
  for 
  at 
  least 
  three 
  centuries. 
  The 
  first 
  part 
  of 
  this 
  long 
  time 
  

   period, 
  from 
  1200 
  to 
  1438, 
  according 
  to 
  Howe 
  (this 
  volume, 
  p. 
  199), 
  

   pertains 
  to 
  the 
  Early 
  Inca 
  phase. 
  The 
  Early 
  Inca 
  burials 
  are 
  flexed 
  

   and 
  cloth-wrapped, 
  and 
  placed 
  in 
  beehive-shaped 
  masonry 
  tombs 
  

   with 
  corbeled 
  vaults, 
  usually 
  located 
  in 
  cracks 
  in 
  the 
  cliffs. 
  Metal 
  

   objects 
  are 
  rare, 
  bone 
  is 
  common, 
  and 
  a 
  slate 
  knife 
  is 
  diagnostic. 
  

   The 
  ceramics 
  have 
  carelessly 
  executed 
  linear 
  and 
  geometric 
  designs 
  

   painted 
  in 
  black, 
  white, 
  and 
  red. 
  

  

  The 
  Late 
  Inca 
  archeological 
  period 
  covers 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  political 
  

   expansion 
  over 
  most 
  of 
  Peru 
  and 
  Bolivia. 
  A 
  great 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  

  

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