﻿Vol. 
  2] 
  ARCHEOLOGY 
  OF 
  CENTRAL 
  ANDES 
  — 
  BENNETT 
  145 
  

  

  The 
  houses 
  at 
  Machu 
  Picchu 
  are 
  small, 
  rectangular 
  constructions 
  

   of 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  stories, 
  with 
  gabled 
  end 
  walls. 
  Some 
  are 
  built 
  of 
  well- 
  

   dressed 
  stone, 
  some 
  of 
  rough 
  stone. 
  The 
  houses 
  have 
  one 
  or 
  two 
  

   doorways, 
  each 
  covered 
  with 
  a 
  slab 
  lintel 
  and 
  characteristically 
  

   narrower 
  at 
  the 
  top 
  than 
  at 
  the 
  bottom. 
  The 
  inside 
  house 
  walls 
  have 
  

   decorative 
  and 
  utilitarian 
  niches, 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  projecting 
  pegs 
  and 
  rings. 
  

   Open 
  windows 
  are 
  not 
  very 
  common, 
  but 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  

   houses. 
  At 
  Machu 
  Picchu, 
  the 
  roofs 
  were 
  probably 
  made 
  of 
  pole 
  

   frames 
  and 
  thatched. 
  In 
  other 
  Inca 
  ruins, 
  corbeled-arch 
  stone 
  

   roofs 
  are 
  found. 
  

  

  Some 
  of 
  the 
  larger 
  buildings 
  at 
  Machu 
  Picchu 
  are 
  identified 
  as 
  

   temples. 
  In 
  Cuzco, 
  temples 
  were 
  still 
  in 
  use 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  

   Conquest. 
  Likewise, 
  fortresses 
  are 
  a 
  common 
  feature 
  af 
  all 
  Inca 
  

   settlements. 
  Above 
  the 
  town 
  of 
  Cuzco 
  is 
  the 
  fortress 
  of 
  Sacsahuaman, 
  

   built 
  up 
  on 
  one 
  side 
  with 
  three 
  terraces 
  arranged 
  in 
  a 
  long 
  zigzag 
  

   pattern. 
  Fortresses 
  elsewhere 
  consist 
  of 
  an 
  inner 
  court 
  lined 
  by 
  

   small 
  houses 
  and 
  surrounded 
  by 
  two 
  enclosure 
  walls. 
  

  

  Stone-faced 
  agricultural 
  and 
  defense 
  terraces 
  are 
  numerous. 
  Like- 
  

   wise, 
  traces 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  roads 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  many 
  parts 
  of 
  Peru. 
  Some 
  

   roads 
  are 
  paved 
  with 
  slabs 
  and 
  are 
  as 
  much 
  as 
  12 
  m. 
  (about 
  40 
  feet) 
  

   in 
  width. 
  On 
  steep 
  slopes, 
  great 
  steps 
  are 
  cut 
  out 
  of 
  the 
  rock 
  to 
  

   facilitate 
  travel. 
  Both 
  cable 
  bridges 
  and 
  solid 
  stone 
  bridges 
  were 
  

   built, 
  although 
  the 
  latter 
  were 
  limited 
  because 
  the 
  true 
  arch 
  was 
  

   unknown. 
  Along 
  the 
  roads 
  are 
  found 
  the 
  remains 
  of 
  small 
  houses 
  

   which 
  apparently 
  were 
  used 
  for 
  travelers 
  or 
  sentries. 
  Kound 
  or 
  

   square 
  burial 
  towers 
  are 
  found 
  associated 
  with 
  many 
  ruins, 
  and 
  

   stone 
  baths 
  are 
  common. 
  

  

  The 
  stone 
  masonry 
  in 
  these 
  various 
  types 
  of 
  construction 
  can 
  be 
  

   classified 
  in 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  categories: 
  

  

  (1) 
  Megalithic. 
  — 
  This 
  type 
  is 
  well 
  illustrated 
  by 
  the 
  fortress 
  of 
  Sacsahuaman 
  

   near 
  Cuzco. 
  Large 
  slabs 
  and 
  blocks 
  of 
  irregular 
  sizes 
  and 
  shapes 
  are 
  carefully 
  

   fitted 
  together 
  to 
  form 
  the 
  terraced 
  walls 
  of 
  the 
  fortress. 
  The 
  blocks 
  and 
  slabs 
  

   are 
  not 
  squared 
  but 
  are 
  joined 
  at 
  different 
  angles 
  and 
  even 
  curves. 
  An 
  over-all 
  

   plan 
  for 
  building 
  such 
  a 
  wall 
  might 
  have 
  existed, 
  but 
  the 
  actual 
  work 
  of 
  dressing 
  

   and 
  fitting 
  the 
  massive 
  stones 
  must 
  have 
  been 
  done 
  at 
  the 
  spot. 
  This 
  type 
  of 
  

   masonry 
  would 
  require 
  well-organized 
  labor. 
  

  

  (2) 
  Polygonal. 
  — 
  This 
  type 
  is 
  similar 
  to 
  the 
  Megalithic, 
  but 
  employs 
  smaller 
  

   stones. 
  Again 
  each 
  stone 
  meets 
  the 
  others 
  at 
  various 
  angles. 
  In 
  one 
  wall 
  in 
  

   Cuzco, 
  a 
  stone 
  has 
  12 
  sides 
  fitted 
  with 
  other 
  stones. 
  These 
  walls 
  were 
  made 
  without 
  

   the 
  use 
  of 
  plaster 
  or 
  cement 
  of 
  any 
  kind, 
  and 
  hold 
  together 
  by 
  the 
  careful 
  fitting 
  

   and 
  the 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  stones. 
  

  

  (3) 
  Modified 
  polygonal. 
  — 
  Another 
  type 
  like 
  the 
  above 
  is 
  characterized 
  by 
  the 
  

   use 
  of 
  small 
  stones 
  of 
  about 
  the 
  same 
  size. 
  However, 
  the 
  stones 
  are 
  not 
  squared, 
  

   and, 
  consequently, 
  each 
  has 
  to 
  be 
  matched 
  and 
  cut 
  for 
  its 
  position 
  in 
  the 
  wall. 
  

   This 
  type 
  of 
  masonry 
  has 
  a 
  wide 
  distribution 
  in 
  the 
  Peruvian 
  Highlands. 
  

  

  (4) 
  Squared 
  blocks 
  with 
  rounded 
  faces. 
  — 
  Some 
  walls 
  are 
  made 
  of 
  blocks 
  which 
  

   have 
  been 
  carefully 
  squared 
  for 
  fitting 
  on 
  the 
  sides 
  but 
  with 
  the 
  outer 
  faces 
  left 
  

   rounded 
  and 
  bulging. 
  

  

  