﻿168 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  The 
  rulers 
  presided 
  at 
  festivals, 
  hunted 
  and 
  fished 
  as 
  a 
  diversion, 
  

   and 
  were 
  conducted 
  on 
  magnificent 
  litters, 
  attended 
  by 
  a 
  great 
  retirme, 
  

   to 
  different 
  parts 
  of 
  their 
  realm. 
  During 
  such 
  visits 
  or 
  journeys 
  they 
  

   maintained 
  contact 
  with 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  their 
  domain 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  mes- 
  

   sengers. 
  

  

  The 
  rulers 
  were 
  severe 
  and 
  unmerciful 
  in 
  the 
  administration 
  of 
  

   justice. 
  Delinquents 
  were 
  punished 
  with 
  mutilation: 
  cutting 
  off 
  the 
  

   upper 
  and 
  lower 
  lips, 
  the 
  nose, 
  and 
  the 
  feet. 
  In 
  serious 
  cases, 
  they 
  

   stripped 
  the 
  guilty 
  of 
  his 
  clothing, 
  skinned 
  off 
  his 
  face, 
  and 
  stoned 
  him 
  

   to 
  death. 
  Afterward 
  the 
  body 
  was 
  abandoned 
  to 
  the 
  birds 
  of 
  prey. 
  

   Such 
  sanctions 
  were 
  apparently 
  carried 
  out 
  in 
  public 
  with 
  great 
  display. 
  

  

  WARFARE 
  

  

  The 
  war 
  chiefs 
  were 
  both 
  protectively 
  and 
  gorgeously 
  attired. 
  The 
  

   helmet 
  or 
  headdress 
  was 
  amply 
  quilted 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  deaden 
  the 
  blows 
  of 
  

   the 
  mace. 
  The 
  great 
  ear 
  ornaments 
  were 
  probably 
  not 
  only 
  a 
  mark 
  of 
  

   rauk 
  but 
  also 
  a 
  protection 
  for 
  the 
  side 
  of 
  the 
  head 
  and 
  face. 
  Warriors 
  

   wore 
  a 
  breechclout, 
  skirt, 
  shirt, 
  and 
  bracelets 
  of 
  metal 
  that 
  protected 
  

   the 
  wrists. 
  The 
  common 
  warrior 
  usually 
  wore 
  a 
  semicircular 
  or 
  coni- 
  

   cal 
  helmet 
  of 
  great 
  thickness, 
  and 
  carried 
  a 
  mace 
  that 
  had 
  a 
  sharp 
  metal 
  

   point 
  on 
  the 
  handle 
  end. 
  He 
  also 
  hurled 
  darts 
  with 
  the 
  estdlica, 
  or 
  

   spear 
  thrower 
  (pi. 
  71, 
  g). 
  A 
  semicircular 
  knife 
  was 
  used 
  in 
  close 
  com- 
  

   bat. 
  Blows 
  of 
  the 
  mace 
  were 
  warded 
  off 
  with 
  a 
  small 
  circular 
  or 
  

   quadrangular 
  shield 
  fastened 
  to 
  the 
  wrist 
  of 
  the 
  left 
  arm. 
  

  

  Armies 
  made 
  use 
  of 
  scouts, 
  who 
  moved 
  ahead 
  of 
  the 
  vanguard 
  of 
  the 
  

   troops. 
  These 
  soldiers 
  are 
  represented 
  on 
  the 
  pottery 
  as 
  keeping 
  watch 
  

   from 
  the 
  peaks 
  of 
  hills. 
  War 
  trumpets 
  were 
  made 
  of 
  the 
  Strom- 
  

   bus 
  galeatus 
  or 
  of 
  pottery. 
  Dogs 
  were 
  carried 
  with 
  a 
  special 
  harness 
  into 
  

   battle 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  distract 
  the 
  enemy 
  in 
  the 
  clamor 
  of 
  the 
  battle 
  (fig. 
  

   20, 
  a). 
  

  

  Prisoners 
  were 
  conducted 
  naked 
  from 
  the 
  field 
  of 
  battle 
  (fig. 
  20, 
  b), 
  

   and 
  were 
  sacrificed 
  to 
  the 
  gods 
  by 
  being 
  thrown 
  from 
  the 
  mountain 
  

   tops 
  (fig. 
  20, 
  c) 
  . 
  Their 
  bodies 
  were 
  afterward 
  quartered 
  and 
  taken 
  

   home 
  as 
  trophies. 
  

  

  LIFE 
  CYCLE 
  

  

  During 
  childbirth 
  the 
  mother, 
  in 
  a 
  sitting 
  position, 
  was 
  sustained 
  

   by 
  a 
  man 
  with 
  the 
  midwife 
  assisting. 
  A 
  mother 
  carried 
  her 
  small 
  

   baby 
  on 
  her 
  back 
  in 
  a 
  manta 
  or 
  in 
  a 
  small 
  cradle 
  made 
  of 
  wood 
  or 
  wild 
  

   cane, 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  baby 
  was 
  held 
  by 
  a 
  net 
  which 
  allowed 
  it 
  freedom 
  of 
  

   the 
  legs. 
  Children 
  were 
  given 
  pottery 
  toys 
  representing 
  animals, 
  

   humans, 
  and 
  utensils. 
  They 
  were 
  also 
  amused 
  with 
  rattles 
  and 
  whis- 
  

   tles. 
  As 
  children, 
  they 
  were 
  schooled 
  in 
  a 
  specific 
  art 
  or 
  industry. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  observed 
  that 
  there 
  are 
  very 
  few 
  ceramic 
  representations 
  of 
  

   children; 
  they 
  appear 
  only 
  with 
  their 
  mothers 
  or 
  other 
  adults. 
  Tombs 
  

   of 
  children 
  are 
  rarely 
  encountered. 
  The 
  children 
  were 
  buried 
  with 
  their 
  

  

  