﻿184 
  

  

  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  

  

  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  on 
  the 
  Coast, 
  so 
  that 
  irrigation 
  is 
  generally 
  necessary 
  for 
  successful 
  

   cultivation. 
  Before 
  the 
  introduction 
  of 
  the 
  eucalyptus 
  in 
  the 
  19th 
  

   century, 
  trees 
  were 
  very 
  scarce, 
  and 
  usually 
  so 
  gnarled 
  and 
  stunted 
  as 
  

   to 
  be 
  of 
  little 
  use 
  except 
  for 
  firewood. 
  Salt, 
  copper, 
  gold, 
  and 
  silver 
  

   are 
  common, 
  and 
  pottery 
  clay 
  and 
  building 
  stone 
  are 
  abundant. 
  

  

  POPULATION 
  

  

  The 
  modern 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  whole 
  Andean 
  area, 
  from 
  the 
  north 
  

   of 
  Ecuador 
  to 
  northern 
  Argentina 
  and 
  Chile, 
  is 
  about 
  14 
  million. 
  It 
  is 
  

   not 
  dense 
  in 
  relation 
  to 
  the 
  total 
  area 
  covered, 
  but 
  extremely 
  so 
  if 
  only 
  

   the 
  sections 
  useful 
  for 
  agriculture 
  and 
  grazing 
  are 
  considered, 
  for 
  much 
  

   of 
  it 
  is 
  too 
  rocky, 
  too 
  steep, 
  or 
  too 
  dry 
  to 
  be 
  of 
  much 
  use 
  to 
  its 
  inhabi- 
  

   tants. 
  The 
  ancient 
  population 
  was 
  almost 
  certainly 
  smaller 
  than 
  the 
  

   modern, 
  for 
  there 
  has 
  been 
  considerable 
  urban 
  growth 
  and 
  local 
  in- 
  

   dustrialization 
  in 
  recent 
  years, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  very 
  difficult 
  to 
  make 
  an 
  accu- 
  

   rate 
  estimate 
  of 
  the 
  difference. 
  The 
  Inca 
  kept 
  accurate 
  population 
  

   statistics 
  (Cieza, 
  1880, 
  2, 
  ch. 
  19), 
  but 
  the 
  figures 
  were 
  nearly 
  all 
  lost 
  at 
  

   the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Spanish 
  Conquest, 
  and 
  the 
  first 
  Spanish 
  figures 
  avail- 
  

   able 
  are 
  derived 
  from 
  the 
  census 
  taken 
  by 
  Viceroy 
  Toledo 
  about 
  1571, 
  

   when 
  a 
  total 
  of 
  311,257 
  taxpayers, 
  or 
  1% 
  million 
  persons, 
  was 
  regis- 
  

   tered 
  (Morales, 
  1866). 
  The 
  total 
  of 
  Toledo's 
  census 
  is, 
  however, 
  of 
  

   little 
  use 
  in 
  an 
  attempt 
  to 
  estimate 
  Inca 
  population 
  at 
  about 
  1525, 
  for 
  

   in 
  the 
  40 
  intervening 
  years 
  the 
  Indian 
  population 
  was 
  nearly 
  destroyed 
  

   by 
  civil 
  wars, 
  epidemics, 
  lawlessness, 
  extortion, 
  and 
  cultural 
  shock. 
  

   These 
  factors 
  affected 
  the 
  provinces 
  differently, 
  and 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  

   population 
  loss 
  varied 
  correspondingly. 
  The 
  following 
  sample 
  figures 
  

   will 
  illustrate 
  the 
  variation: 
  

  

  Table 
  1. 
  — 
  Estimated 
  Inca 
  population 
  loss 
  in 
  the 
  provinces 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  from 
  

  

  1525 
  to 
  1571 
  1 
  

  

  Province 
  

  

  1525 
  

  

  1571 
  

  

  Eatio 
  

  

  Rimac 
  

  

  150, 
  000 
  

   50, 
  000 
  

   50, 
  000 
  

  

  135, 
  000 
  

   20,000 
  

  

  405, 
  000 
  

  

  9,000 
  

   2,070 
  

   35, 
  000 
  

   36, 
  000 
  

   15, 
  159 
  

   97, 
  229 
  

  

  16:1 
  

  

  Chineha 
  

  

  25:1 
  

  

  Yauyos 
  . 
  

  

  3:2 
  

  

  Huancas 
  .- 
  . 
  

  

  3:1 
  

  

  Soras 
  ... 
  . 
  . 
  -. 
  

  

  4:3 
  

  

  Total 
  

  

  4:1 
  

  

  

  

  i 
  Rimac: 
  Cobo, 
  1890-95, 
  1: 
  7; 
  Morales, 
  1866, 
  p. 
  42. 
  Chineha: 
  Castro 
  and 
  Ortega 
  Morejon, 
  1936, 
  p. 
  240; 
  

   Morales, 
  1866, 
  p. 
  43. 
  Yauyos: 
  RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1:62. 
  Huancas: 
  RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1:81-82; 
  Morales, 
  1866. 
  Soras: 
  

   RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1:170; 
  Morales, 
  1866, 
  p. 
  44. 
  The 
  figures 
  for 
  Rimac, 
  Chineha, 
  and 
  Yauyos 
  are 
  based 
  on 
  the 
  

   stated 
  number 
  of 
  honokoraka, 
  or 
  chiefs 
  of 
  10, 
  000 
  taxpayers, 
  maintained 
  in 
  each 
  province 
  by 
  the 
  Inca 
  govern- 
  

   ment. 
  Totals 
  of 
  taxpayers 
  are 
  converted 
  into 
  total 
  population 
  at 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  1:5, 
  by 
  analogy 
  with 
  the 
  1571 
  

   figures 
  for 
  Soras 
  and 
  Rucanas 
  (RGI, 
  1881-97, 
  1:170, 
  181, 
  199). 
  Figures 
  in 
  round 
  numbers 
  and 
  ratios 
  are 
  

   approximate. 
  (See 
  also 
  Senores, 
  1904, 
  p. 
  204.) 
  

  

  This 
  table 
  includes 
  all 
  the 
  reliable 
  estimates 
  of 
  Inca 
  population 
  that 
  

   have 
  been 
  preserved 
  for 
  our 
  area, 
  and, 
  as 
  the 
  tribes 
  listed 
  were 
  selected 
  

   by 
  the 
  historical 
  accident 
  of 
  this 
  preservation, 
  the 
  group 
  can 
  be 
  fairly 
  

   called 
  a 
  random 
  sample. 
  It 
  is 
  also 
  a 
  representative 
  group, 
  for 
  it 
  

   includes 
  two 
  of 
  the 
  provinces 
  known 
  to 
  have 
  suffered 
  worst 
  between 
  

  

  