﻿Vol.2] 
  INCA 
  CULTURE 
  — 
  ROWE 
  185 
  

  

  1525 
  and 
  1571 
  (Chincha 
  and 
  Rimac) 
  and 
  two 
  that 
  escaped 
  relatively 
  

  

  unharmed 
  (Yauyos 
  and 
  Soras) 
  . 
  Consequently, 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  unreasonable 
  

  

  to 
  apply 
  the 
  ratio 
  of 
  totals 
  (4:1) 
  to 
  the 
  population 
  reported 
  in 
  1571, 
  

  

  and 
  estimate 
  the 
  total 
  population 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  in 
  1525 
  at 
  about 
  

  

  6 
  million. 
  

  

  TRIBES 
  AND 
  PROVINCES 
  

  

  At 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  conquest, 
  the 
  whole 
  Andean 
  area 
  was 
  divi- 
  

   ded 
  into 
  an 
  almost 
  unbelievable 
  number 
  of 
  small 
  political 
  units, 
  for 
  

   many 
  of 
  which 
  we 
  do 
  not 
  have 
  even 
  the 
  names. 
  The 
  linguistic 
  diver- 
  

   sity 
  was 
  nearly 
  as 
  bad, 
  and 
  the 
  Inca 
  found 
  it 
  necessary 
  to 
  impose 
  

   their 
  own 
  language, 
  usually 
  called 
  Quechua, 
  as 
  a 
  common 
  medium 
  for 
  

   government 
  and 
  inter-communication 
  in 
  the 
  whole 
  extent 
  of 
  their 
  

   dominions. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  found 
  Quechua 
  such 
  a 
  convenient 
  tool 
  

   in 
  their 
  dealings 
  with 
  the 
  natives 
  that 
  they 
  never 
  bothered 
  to 
  learn 
  

   most 
  of 
  the 
  local 
  languages, 
  dozens 
  of 
  which 
  have 
  perished 
  without 
  

   leaving 
  a 
  trace. 
  This 
  political 
  and 
  linguistic 
  situation 
  makes 
  the 
  

   composition 
  of 
  any 
  list 
  of 
  tribes 
  or 
  their 
  representation 
  on 
  a 
  map 
  ex- 
  

   tremely 
  difficult. 
  The 
  Inca 
  simplified 
  the 
  map 
  of 
  the 
  Andean 
  area 
  

   rather 
  arbitrarily, 
  however, 
  by 
  dividing 
  their 
  Empire 
  into 
  provinces 
  

   based 
  on 
  the 
  old 
  tribal 
  and 
  linguistic 
  units, 
  but 
  with 
  small 
  tribes 
  

   combined 
  or 
  added 
  to 
  neighboring 
  large 
  ones. 
  Although 
  our 
  knowl- 
  

   edge 
  of 
  the 
  Inca 
  provincial 
  divisions 
  is 
  also 
  incomplete, 
  the 
  prov- 
  

   inces 
  are 
  still 
  the 
  most 
  convenient 
  units 
  by 
  which 
  to 
  describe 
  the 
  

   area, 
  and 
  the 
  named 
  areas 
  on 
  the 
  accompanying 
  map 
  (map 
  3) 
  corre- 
  

   spond 
  as 
  nearly 
  as 
  possible 
  to 
  the 
  Inca 
  provinces. 
  

  

  All 
  additional 
  information 
  available 
  on 
  synonymy, 
  small 
  groups 
  

   included 
  with 
  the 
  provincial 
  boundaries, 
  and 
  bibliographical 
  references 
  

   of 
  some 
  ethnological 
  or 
  historical 
  importance 
  is 
  presented 
  in 
  the 
  fol- 
  

   lowing 
  list 
  of 
  tribes. 
  The 
  list 
  deals 
  first 
  with 
  the 
  Highlands, 
  from 
  

   north 
  to 
  south, 
  and 
  then 
  with 
  the 
  Coast 
  valleys 
  in 
  the 
  same 
  order. 
  

   The 
  divisions 
  of 
  the 
  Coast 
  used 
  in 
  the 
  list 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  map 
  are 
  individual 
  

   valleys. 
  In 
  most 
  known 
  cases, 
  each 
  valley 
  was 
  administered 
  by 
  the 
  

   Inca 
  as 
  a 
  separate 
  province, 
  but 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  small 
  ones 
  may 
  have 
  

   been 
  combined. 
  

  

  In 
  spelling, 
  16th-century 
  Spanish 
  followed 
  no 
  fixed 
  rules, 
  and 
  even 
  

   the 
  simple 
  conventions 
  usually 
  preferred 
  by 
  the 
  printers 
  of 
  the 
  day 
  

   were 
  seldom 
  followed 
  by 
  scribes 
  in 
  America. 
  Between 
  this 
  and 
  the 
  

   shortcomings 
  of 
  the 
  16th-century 
  Spanish 
  soldier 
  as 
  a 
  phonetician, 
  

   it 
  is 
  often 
  extremely 
  difficult 
  to 
  recognize 
  native 
  names 
  of 
  known 
  

   pronunciation, 
  and 
  impossible 
  to 
  restore 
  exactly 
  those 
  of 
  doubtful 
  

   pronunciation. 
  The 
  Spaniards 
  frequently 
  wrote 
  voiced 
  stops 
  for 
  

   unvoiced 
  stops: 
  b 
  for 
  p 
  and 
  g 
  for 
  k, 
  as 
  in 
  "bamba" 
  (from 
  Quechua 
  

   Pampa) 
  and 
  Ynga 
  (from 
  Quechua 
  "I$ka"). 
  Y 
  was 
  usually 
  written 
  

   instead 
  of 
  i 
  at 
  the 
  beginning 
  of 
  a 
  word. 
  X 
  and 
  g, 
  both 
  sibilant 
  

   sounds 
  which 
  Spanish 
  has 
  since 
  lost, 
  were 
  written 
  for 
  Quechua 
  "s"; 
  

  

  