﻿186 
  SOUTH 
  AMERICAN 
  INDIANS 
  [B. 
  A. 
  E. 
  Bull. 
  143 
  

  

  the 
  first 
  has 
  become 
  Spanish 
  j, 
  the 
  second, 
  Spanish 
  z 
  in 
  modern 
  

   spellings. 
  L 
  was 
  often 
  written 
  for 
  Quechua 
  "r"; 
  gu 
  and 
  hu 
  before 
  

   vowels 
  usually 
  stand 
  for 
  Quechua 
  "w." 
  Hence 
  forms 
  like 
  Caxamalca 
  

   and 
  Cajamarca 
  from 
  Q'asa-marka, 
  Guamanga 
  from 
  Wamanqa. 
  

   The 
  worst 
  confusion 
  is 
  in 
  the 
  spelling 
  of 
  Spanish 
  u 
  and 
  hu 
  and 
  Quechua 
  

   "o" 
  and 
  "w." 
  B 
  and 
  v 
  were 
  used 
  almost 
  interchangeably 
  for 
  u; 
  so, 
  

   in 
  Spanish 
  words, 
  the 
  forms 
  "vuo 
  (hubo!)" 
  and 
  "cibdad 
  (ciudad)" 
  are 
  

   not 
  uncommon. 
  Quechua 
  Wil/ka-pampa 
  becomes 
  Vilcabamba, 
  or 
  even 
  

   Bilcabamba. 
  Initial 
  h 
  is 
  added 
  or 
  omitted 
  capriciously 
  ("horden" 
  

   for 
  "orden"). 
  

  

  Quechua 
  names 
  are 
  written 
  phonemically 
  in 
  large 
  and 
  small 
  capital 
  

   letters 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  list 
  and 
  through 
  the 
  text 
  where 
  it 
  is 
  possible 
  

   to 
  reconstruct 
  the 
  pronunciation 
  from 
  the 
  Hispanicized 
  form 
  used 
  in 
  

   the 
  chronicles. 
  Where 
  the 
  pronunciation 
  has 
  not 
  been 
  determined, 
  

   the 
  commonest 
  Hispanicized 
  form 
  has 
  been 
  used 
  and 
  marked 
  with 
  

   an 
  asterisk. 
  The 
  phonemic 
  alphabet 
  used 
  for 
  Quechua 
  is 
  modified 
  

   slightly 
  from 
  current 
  phonetic 
  usage 
  to 
  avoid 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  symbols 
  

   which 
  cannot 
  be 
  printed 
  in 
  the 
  Andean 
  countries 
  (Rowe 
  and 
  Escobar, 
  

   1943). 
  To 
  approximate 
  the 
  16th-century 
  pronunciation, 
  read 
  all 
  

   letters 
  as 
  in 
  English, 
  with 
  the 
  following 
  exceptions 
  : 
  i 
  is 
  a 
  sound 
  half- 
  

   way 
  between 
  Spanish 
  i 
  and 
  Spanish 
  e; 
  o 
  is 
  halfway 
  between 
  Spanish 
  

   o 
  and 
  Spanish 
  u. 
  Cis 
  pronounced 
  like 
  ch 
  in 
  "church" 
  ; 
  V 
  is 
  pronounced 
  

   with 
  the 
  whole 
  blade 
  of 
  the 
  tongue 
  touching 
  the 
  palate 
  instead 
  of 
  just 
  

   the 
  tip; 
  n 
  represents 
  the 
  sound 
  of 
  ng 
  in 
  "sing"; 
  g 
  is 
  back 
  or 
  velar 
  k; 
  

   r 
  is 
  like 
  the 
  Spanish 
  r 
  in 
  "para." 
  Y 
  and 
  w 
  after 
  consonants 
  indicate 
  

   palatalization 
  and 
  labialization, 
  respectively; 
  h 
  indicates 
  aspiration 
  

   of 
  the 
  preceding 
  consonant, 
  and 
  an 
  apostrophe 
  (except 
  after 
  I) 
  indi- 
  

   cates 
  glottalization. 
  

  

  The 
  forms 
  of 
  provincial 
  names 
  used 
  on 
  the 
  map 
  (map 
  3) 
  and 
  given 
  

   first 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  list 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  common 
  Spanish 
  forms, 
  except 
  

   that 
  I 
  have 
  written 
  "pampa" 
  instead 
  of 
  "bamba" 
  and 
  "tampo" 
  in- 
  

   stead 
  of 
  "tambo" 
  and 
  the 
  singular 
  form 
  is 
  used. 
  Plural 
  forms 
  usually 
  

   occur 
  in 
  the 
  documents, 
  being 
  formed 
  in 
  Spanish 
  with 
  -s 
  or 
  -es. 
  Vilcas 
  

   is 
  an 
  exception 
  in 
  that 
  the 
  s 
  is 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  native 
  name 
  and 
  the 
  word 
  is 
  

   singular 
  as 
  it 
  stands. 
  

  

  Peruvian 
  Highland 
  divisions: 
  

  

  (1) 
  Calva 
  (Calua). 
  Province 
  and 
  tribe. 
  (Cieza, 
  1554, 
  bk. 
  1, 
  ch. 
  57.) 
  

  

  (2.) 
  Ayavaca 
  (Ay 
  abaca, 
  Ayauaca; 
  probably 
  from 
  Quechua 
  Ayawak'a, 
  "shrine 
  

   of 
  the 
  corpse"). 
  Province 
  and 
  tribe. 
  (Cieza, 
  1554, 
  bk. 
  1, 
  ch. 
  57.) 
  

  

  (8.) 
  Huancapampa 
  (Huancabamba, 
  Guancabamba; 
  probably 
  from 
  Quechua 
  

   Wa^ka-pampa, 
  "valley 
  of 
  the 
  field-guardian"). 
  Its 
  provincial 
  capital 
  was 
  one 
  

   of 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  Inca 
  towns 
  in 
  northern 
  Peru. 
  The 
  natives 
  had 
  their 
  own 
  

   language, 
  but 
  used 
  Quechua 
  also 
  in 
  1550. 
  They 
  told 
  Cieza 
  that 
  they 
  had 
  formerly 
  

   eaten 
  human 
  flesh 
  and 
  fought 
  continually 
  among 
  themselves 
  (Cieza, 
  1554, 
  

   bk. 
  1, 
  ch. 
  57). 
  

  

  (4) 
  Huambo 
  (Guambo; 
  probably 
  from 
  Quechua 
  Wampo, 
  "boat"). 
  The 
  prov- 
  

  

  